Dollar reality overtakes policy | La realidad del dólar supera la política

By Erika Segales, El Deber:

The official dollar loses weight after 14 years, and the reference rate dominates the real economy

El dólar oficial pierde peso tras 14 años y el referencial domina la economía real

Home purchases, payments abroad, and even digital services are now calculated using the “reference” exchange rate. This is compounded by a recent decision by the Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB) that loosens the market in financial institutions and exchange houses.

In Bolivia, the official exchange rate of the dollar remains unchanged, fixed for more than 14 years at Bs 6.96 for selling and Bs 6.86 for buying. In practice, that value is used less and less in everyday economic activity. From buying a plot of land to paying for a service abroad, transactions are adjusted to the “reference” exchange rate.

Buying a house or a car no longer depends on the official dollar. Although many of these goods are still priced in U.S. currency, payment is made in local currency due to the shortage of foreign exchange, but the calculation is done at the reference price, and in some cases they are quoted in UFVs.

The same logic applies to operations linked to foreign trade. Payments for freight, port services, or logistics costs are made in bolivianos, but calculated using references closer to the parallel dollar.

In the vehicle market in free trade zones or fairs, prices are calculated using the reference dollar. Meanwhile, car dealerships already have prices set in bolivianos, and although they claim the calculation is based on the official cost, customers say this is merely a strategy to attract sales and point out that in reality prices have increased.

Transactions using the reference dollar now also include payments for international purchases or digital services with bank cards, but at the cost of the dollar based on the reference exchange rate.

Economist Germán Molina summarizes this situation as the coexistence of several markets. “There is an official exchange rate, another for financial operations (the reference rate), and a parallel market,” he explains. In his view, this scheme is not sustainable, because an economy needs a clear benchmark.

“The official exchange rate is still in force, but it has lost real relevance, while the reference and parallel values better reflect the shortage of foreign currency,” says economist Fernando Romero.

Both agree that the official market is maintained for the public sector, for example for external debt. “The Government will record that official exchange rate in its accounts because it is still in force,” Molina noted.

Romero points out that among other operations, the official exchange rate is still used in some prioritized imports, financial payments authorized by banks, accounting records and regulated formal operations, remittances, and formal anticrético contracts.

In his view, due to the exchange rate gap, people perceive that the official value is not real. “The general population cannot easily access dollars at Bs. 6.96 and must turn to the parallel market to obtain foreign currency,” he stressed.

Economist Felipe Larraín argues that exchange rate unification is a necessary objective, although he warns that prior conditions are required, such as strengthening international reserves.

“If international reserves are very low, it is very difficult to do so in the short term, but it is something that must be advanced,” he said. Larraín believes that although the current exchange rate gap is not as extreme as in past crises, such as in the 1980s, it reflects a significant imbalance that affects prices and people’s purchasing power. As an alternative, he proposes a unified and floating exchange rate system.

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