State-Owned Companies in Crisis | Empresas estatales en crisis

By Luis Fernando Romero, Eju.tv:

Bolivia: ranking of the 10 most loss-making public companies in 2025

Was YPFB running a deficit or not?

Public companies in Bolivia play an important economic and social role, but their financial sustainability has become a structural problem. Essentially, these companies exist to guarantee access to basic services, correct market failures, and safeguard strategic sectors such as energy, transportation, or food. However, the fact that many operate with sustained losses means the State must transfer public resources to keep them running, which puts pressure on the fiscal deficit, reduces the availability of foreign currency, and limits the government’s ability to address other priorities. The problem is not the existence of subsidies per se, but the absence of clear technical criteria to define which companies should be subsidized, to what extent, and under what efficiency conditions.

The comparative analysis between fiscal years 2024 and 2025 shows a significant deterioration in the financial situation of public companies. In 2024, the most loss-making companies included Mi Teleférico (Bs. -199.7 million), YLB (Bs. -196.6 million), and the Empresa de Producción Agropecuaria (Bs. -49.7 million), among others. By 2025, not only do some of these companies remain, but others with much larger deficits are added, notably YPFB* with a loss (NET INCOME) of Bs. 250.7 million, YLB with Bs. -231.7 million, Mi Teleférico with Bs. -163.2 million, and BOA with Bs. -138.1 million. This shift shows that the problem not only persists but has intensified and become concentrated in larger and more strategically important companies. Additionally, the emergence of productive companies such as EBA (Bs. -104.2 million) and ECEBOL (Bs. -56.3 million) highlights failures in business models that should be generating revenue.

A key aspect of the analysis is the case of YPFB, which reflects an apparently contradictory situation. While in 2025 it does not show an operating (current) deficit, it does register an economic loss of Bs. 250.7 million when real costs such as depreciation, subsidies, exchange rates, and financial costs are taken into account. This means the company functions in the short term but destroys value in economic terms. The main cause is the fuel subsidy, where fuels are imported at international prices and sold at significantly lower regulated prices, generating losses on each unit sold. Added to this are factors such as dependence on imports, exchange rate pressures, and structural costs in the energy sector, creating a structural rather than cyclical problem.

All of this could worsen further in 2026 due to the armed conflict in the Middle East. With a barrel of oil above $100, the impact would be devastating for YPFB and the Bolivian economy, translating into higher public spending to import and subsidize fuels, increasing exchange rate pressures (foreign currency shortages), and inflation that could return to double digits.

On the other hand, cases like BOA are particularly striking, as it operates in a market with monopolistic characteristics, which in theory should allow it to be profitable. Its deficit of Bs. -138.1 million suggests problems of operational efficiency, cost overruns, or deficiencies in business management. Similarly, companies such as YLB, EBA, or ECEBOL show high losses despite having productive objectives, indicating design problems, low productivity, or investments that are not generating expected returns. In contrast, other companies show more stable relationships between losses and equity, suggesting relatively better management or lower financial risk.

This situation highlights the urgent need to differentiate between types of public companies. There are those with a clear social role, such as Mi Teleférico, where a certain level of subsidy may be justified due to its impact on urban mobility and welfare. However, even in these cases, the deficit should not be unlimited or growing, but rather controlled and periodically evaluated. Secondly, there are strategic companies such as YPFB or BOA, which should be sustainable and efficient, as they operate in key sectors or with market advantages. Finally, there are productive companies that should generate profits but currently show structural losses, representing the greatest risk to public finances.

In this context, the central public policy question arises: what should the government do in this scenario? The answer must be technical and pragmatic, clearly differentiating treatment according to the type of company. First, the government must implement a mandatory comprehensive evaluation for each public company, analyzing profitability, cash flow, social impact, and long-term sustainability. This evaluation should classify companies into three groups: social, strategic, and productive. Social companies may receive subsidies, but these must be explicit, transparent, and subject to efficiency targets and progressive deficit reduction. Strategic companies, such as YPFB and BOA, must undergo structural reforms to improve efficiency, including reviewing pricing models, reducing costs, and strengthening management. In YPFB’s case, this implies addressing the fuel subsidy problem and its impact on profitability. For BOA, an independent technical audit is required to identify operational failures and possible inefficiencies in its cost structure.

On the other hand, loss-making productive companies should be subject to firmer decisions. If they cannot demonstrate economic viability in the medium term, the government should consider deep restructuring processes, public-private partnerships, or even orderly closure. Public-private partnerships are particularly relevant in sectors such as lithium, the cement industry, or food production, where the private sector can provide capital, technology, and operational efficiency. Likewise, privatization should be considered as a technical tool in cases where there is no social or strategic justification to keep the company under state control. All of this must be accompanied by a substantial improvement in corporate governance, incorporating independent boards, merit-based criteria, and accountability mechanisms to reduce political interference and improve management efficiency.

Conclusion

Bolivia faces a structural problem in the management of its public companies, characterized by growing deficits, low efficiency, and a lack of systematic evaluation. The fact that even monopolistic or strategic companies show losses reflects deep failures in the management model and the applied economic policy. The issue is not eliminating the State’s role in the economy, but managing it with technical, financial, and efficiency criteria, ensuring that public resources are used optimally and sustainably over time.

Recommendations

Implement a mandatory comprehensive technical evaluation for all public companies to determine their profitability, social impact, and sustainability, clearly defining which should be subsidized, restructured, or closed.

Reform the management model and corporate governance by incorporating independent boards, merit-based criteria, and external audits, especially in strategic companies such as YPFB and BOA.

Promote public-private partnerships and business restructuring, particularly in loss-making productive companies such as YLB, EBA, or ECEBOL, to improve efficiency, attract investment, and reduce the fiscal burden on the State.

Final message

Bolivia does not face a problem for having public companies, but for how they are managed. When these companies operate with constant losses, the resources that sustain them come from all Bolivians, affecting economic stability, access to dollars, inflation, and the quality of public services. The State must responsibly acknowledge that it cannot continue indefinitely financing inefficiencies, especially in a context of fiscal constraints.

For the government, the challenge is to act with technical rather than political criteria; it must evaluate, correct, restructure, or close companies based on their actual performance. Not all must be profitable, but all must be efficient, transparent, and evaluated. For the population, it is important to understand that subsidies and public companies have a cost, and that demanding efficiency and results is key to protecting the country’s resources.

Public resources are limited, and their use must generate real economic or social value, not permanent uncontrolled losses. State-owned companies driven by ideological or political motives must be left behind.

by Patricia Cadena

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