Bolivia doesn’t need another miracle resource; it needs direction | Bolivia no necesita otro recurso milagro, necesita dirección

By Oscar Antezana, El Dia:

In the previous article, we argued that Bolivia faces a structural problem: the absence of a clear economic strategy. This shortcoming is not new. It is reflected in a pattern the country has repeated for decades. From time to time, a resource emerges that promises to transform the economy. First it was silver, then tin, later natural gas. Today, lithium occupies that place in the national imagination. In each cycle, the expectation is similar: that this resource will allow the country to overcome its structural limitations.

However, historical evidence shows that these expectations rarely translate into sustained development. Countries do not develop because of what they have underground, but because of what they build on top of it; that is, their capacity to generate value, diversify their economy, and develop productive sectors. Bolivia does not lack resources. It possesses abundant natural wealth, exceptional biodiversity, and in many cases a privileged geography. The problem is not a lack of opportunities, but the absence of a strategy to turn those opportunities into development.

While the economic debate is focused on lithium, there are sectors where Bolivia already has clear advantages. Tourism is one of them. The country has some of the most spectacular landscapes in the world, yet it continues to receive fewer visitors than neighboring countries. This is not due to a lack of appeal, but to the absence of a strategy that integrates promotion, infrastructure, and services. Agroindustry is another example. Beyond the large production hubs, thousands of small producers grow coffee, cocoa, quinoa, and tropical fruits with high potential in international markets. However, these products rarely manage to fully position themselves in premium segments.

This reveals a deeper problem. Instead of defining which sectors to develop and how to do so, the economic debate tends to focus on specific opportunities or short-term circumstances. The country reacts to what appears, rather than building on what already exists. The result is an economy that depends on external cycles and recurring expectations, instead of a sustained productive strategy. Moreover, this approach generates a dangerous illusion: the idea that development will arrive automatically if the right resource is identified.

This lack of strategy translates into fragmented development, which constitutes a structural challenge. In addition to waiting for a miracle resource to make Bolivia progress, development has lately turned into a list of projects.

In recent years, Bolivia has promoted various infrastructure projects, accessed international financing, and identified new investment initiatives. These efforts are important and, in many cases, necessary. However, when viewed as a whole, an inevitable question arises: is all of this transforming the economy?

In previous articles, we noted that Bolivia lacks a clear economic strategy. One of the most visible consequences of this shortcoming is that development ends up reduced to a list of projects: roads, energy plants, water systems, urban infrastructure. Each project has its own logic, financing, and technical justification. But the sum of projects does not constitute a strategy. In practice, the economic agenda may end up being defined by the projects available—many of them financed by international organizations—rather than by a coherent productive vision. This creates a paradox: investment is made, construction takes place, but the economic structure changes very little.

Infrastructure is fundamental. Without it, there is no development. But on its own, it does not create new industries or generate sustained competitive advantages.

Tourism illustrates this point. Improving roads or airports facilitates access, but does not guarantee a significant increase in the number of visitors. International promotion, quality services, and coordination among stakeholders are needed. Agroindustry shows a similar pattern. Infrastructure facilitates transportation, but does not ensure access to international markets. That requires certifications, financing, export logistics, and technical assistance. When these elements are missing, infrastructure exists, but development does not take off. The problem is not a lack of investment, but a lack of coordination.

In the absence of a strategy, projects become ends in themselves, rather than means to transform the economy.

In the next article, we will address what kind of economy Bolivia could build if it chose to strategically invest in its true advantages.

Oscar Antezana Malpartida | Columnist

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