Serranía de Sunsas: Sanctuary Under Threat | Santuario bajo amenaza

By Mongabay:

Serranía de Sunsas: A Little-Explored Sanctuary in Bolivia Protecting 176 Bird Species

  • It is a new protected area in the department of Santa Cruz.
  • Within this municipal reserve, there are also freshwater springs that supply Chiquitano municipalities.
  • Indigenous leadership in the area states that the Serranía de Sunsas faces threats such as illegal mining and deforestation.
  • Last January, Indigenous communities met to denounce the opening of a road within the protected area.

La Serranía de Sunsas, en el departamento de Santa Cruz, Bolivia, emerge como un refugio estratégico para la biodiversidad. Este espacio, que a finales de 2025 se convirtió en un área protegida, es el santuario de 176 especies de aves, pero también es fundamental el curso hídrico de la región por sus nacientes de agua dulce y por tener una ubicación perfecta: es un conector natural entre el Pantanal boliviano y el bosque seco chiquitano. Esta nueva reserva enfrenta varias amenazas: la apertura de caminos, invasiones humanas, incendios, minería ilegal y deforestación.

Su nombre oficial es Área Protegida Serranía de Sunsas. Tiene 86 509 hectáreas bajo carácter de conservación y en esta reserva las 176 especies de aves registradas se dividen en 22 órdenes, 43 familias y 148 géneros, según el Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado. Entre las especies más destacadas y representativas se encuentran la cotorrita mejilla verde (Pyrrhura molinae), la oropéndola crestada (Psarocolius decumanus), la tortolita azul o palomita azulada (Claravis pretiosa) y la pava mutún​ (Crax fasciolata).

The Serranía de Sunsas has diverse water sources that supply several municipalities in the department of Santa Cruz. Photo: courtesy of The Pew Charitable Trusts.

The green-cheeked parakeet is a parrot that inhabits South America. Its average size is 26 centimeters and its plumage is bright green, with green cheeks and a reddish tail. It lives in groups and feeds mainly on fruits, seeds, and flowers.

The crested oropendola, known in some countries as conoto yapú or black conoto, is a species of passerine bird in the Icteridae family. It lives in the lowland regions of South America: from the Andes of Colombia, the Amazon, and the Yungas of Bolivia, reaching as far as northern Argentina. Its average size is 46 centimeters, and it is black with a yellow section on its tail.

The blue ground dove is native to South and Central America. It inhabits areas from northern Argentina to southeastern Mexico. It lives in forests and savannas. It measures between 18 and 23 centimeters and spends most of its time on the ground. The male has a bluish coloration, while females have a grayish tone.

Santiago Salvatierra, leader of the Central Indígena Reivindicativa de la Provincia Ángel Sandoval (Cirpas), part of the governance of the natural reserve and representative of the Santo Corazón community, told Mongabay Latam that conserving this territory has a regional impact, as it helps maintain the hydrological cycle benefiting other regions and ensures permanence and balance along the migratory routes of birds that travel across the world.

The creation of this protected area will also make it possible to promote research, initially by conducting bird monitoring to guide the development of conservation measures benefiting species identified as priorities.

A Water Source, a Biological Corridor, and Home to Protected Species

Mauricio Morales, a researcher at Cerai, explained that the Serranía de Sunsas not only supplies water to communities in the municipality of San Matías, but also to several localities in the municipalities of Roboré and El Carmen Rivero Tórrez. “This protected area forms a biological corridor linking three protected areas: the San Matías ANMI [Natural Area of Integrated Management], the Tucabaca Valley Reserve, and the Paquió protected area,” he said.

The ochre hermit, or pale little hermit, is a bird that inhabits the Serranía de Sunsas. Photo: courtesy of the Noel Kempff Mercado Museum of Natural History.

Currently, the area has a management plan that establishes administrative foundations, as well as a strategic financial plan aimed at ensuring long-term economic sustainability. “As CERAI, we are currently coordinating with the Municipal Government of San Matías to begin the first year of management. Then the basic technical team will be consolidated, which involves hiring an area manager and park rangers, who must be from the same area,” Morales added.

Further steps must focus on operational implementation, institutional coordination, and community participation, according to the organizations promoting the initiative in a document sent to this outlet.

“The objective is to ensure that the strategies designed are transformed into concrete actions for conservation and collective well-being, linking the protected area with sustainable development plans through the design and implementation of productive projects and the provision of basic services,” part of the document states.

The text adds that these strategies “must be carried out through mechanisms compatible with biodiversity and water sources, also promoting birdwatching tourism and environmental education as pillars of sustainability and social ownership.”

Threats Facing the Reserve: Fires, Cattle Ranching, Mining, and Deforestation

The Serranía de Sunsas faces threats such as forest fires, intensive cattle ranching, illegal mining, deforestation, and territorial invasions by outsiders. “The declaration is not only a legal figure, but also a shield for life and a large-scale commitment in the face of the climate crisis,” said Freddy Román, president of the Municipal Council of San Matías.

The local legislator stated that even before being declared a municipal reserve, the Serranía de Sunsas faced these threats, with the most critical being deforestation for extractive purposes such as illegal mining, illegal logging, and human settlements. “We suffered greatly here in 2024 due to forest fires, caused by cattle expansion but also by land invasions by people from outside our territory,” Román said.

The mutum, or miutú, is a bird that takes flight in the forests of the Serranía de Sunsas. Photo: courtesy of Daniel Alarcón.

The councilman detailed that between June and November 2025, clearing of approximately 50 kilometers was documented within the protected area. According to the local outlet La Región, this involves the opening of a road with a total length of 60 kilometers, nearly 50 kilometers of which are within the Serranía de Sunsas.

This situation led Cerai, municipal officials, and Indigenous community leaders to meet in January of this administration to investigate the matter. “It is possible that old roads are being reopened. They may be logging roads or access routes for intercultural farming communities,” explained Morales of Cerai, referring to descendants of Aymara and Quechua settlers who migrated from the Altiplano to lowland areas such as Santa Cruz.

The reason for suspecting logging roads is that the protected area lies within a forest-use zone where there are two industrial companies, according to the organizations that supported the creation of the municipal reserve.

In this case, according to Morales, the Department of Natural Heritage Conservation (Dicopan), which depends on the Government of Santa Cruz, must establish responsibilities. Mongabay Latam contacted the departmental authority, which stated that it will take action together with the Forest and Land Authority (ABT) and the National Institute of Agrarian Reform (INRA) to determine whether those roads are legal or illegal.

Salvatierra called on the competent authorities to carry out an inspection now that the Serranía de Sunsas is a protected area. “There is a specific road that cannot be inside the reserve. We met in January to determine actions. The first was to request an inspection by the Departmental Government [of Santa Cruz], and we are waiting for them to conduct fieldwork,” said the Indigenous leader.

The Serranía de Sunsas faces threats such as mining, deforestation, invasions, and intensive cattle ranching. Photo: courtesy of The Pew Charitable Trusts.

The process of consolidation as a protected area was the result of nearly two years of outreach and consensus-building among Indigenous communities and municipal, departmental, and national authorities. The declaration was carried out within the framework of the Conserva Aves initiative, led by American Bird Conservancy, National Audubon Society, BirdLife International, Birds Canada, and RedLAC. The project also received support from Bezos Earth Fund.

In Bolivia, implementation is carried out by the Fundación para el Desarrollo del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas(Fundesnap) and Asociación Civil Armonía. Sunsas had the technical operations of the Centro de Estudios Rurales y de Agricultura Internacional (Cerai) and the support of The Pew Charitable Trusts.

The Sunsas Steering Committee was made up of the Indigenous communities of San Fernando, Pozones, Santo Corazón, Bahía Negra, and Beya Boca, which together with the Central Indígena Reivindicativa de la Provincia Ángel Sandoval (Cirpas) are now part of the governance of the natural reserve. “As community members, we now know that protected areas benefit our communities and the region in every way. This is a project we fought for over a long time and that is now a reality,” affirmed Salvatierra, leader of Cirpas.

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