The Indigenist Imposture Collapsed | Se derrumbó la impostura indigenista

By Carlos Toranzo, Brujula Digital:

The MAS’s discourse, prior to the 2005 elections, had nothing indigenist about it — nor did its organic intellectuals. The left-wing NGOs, which were practically all of them, pushed a revolutionary nationalist program, anti-U.S. imperialism, anti-private enterprise, defending nationalizations of natural resources, promoting a state-run economy, betting on corporatist-style social organizations and anti-political-party sentiment. Only at the last minute was the indigenous theme incorporated — something they did not believe in — but it gave them a powerful discourse of legitimation, formulating a revolutionary nationalism with indigenist overtones.

From there emerged discourses about the ethnicization of politics, the push for a plurinational State, the development of Aymara monoculturalism instead of interculturality, the privileging of community over the market, the anti-capitalist creed, the fight against patriarchy, and anti-colonialism.

But what is remarkable is that, in this election — both in the first round and in the runoff — identity issues or indigenous matters were not debated; that was not the center of discussion. What mattered more — not in strict order — were corruption, the economic crisis (including the shortage of dollars, diesel, and gasoline), and soaring food prices.

Specifically because of corruption, former police officer Edmand Lara had an importance that others did not. Corruption is the X-ray of how people feel the MAS governed — that state-level and institutional corruption, not so much the everyday street-level kind.

To not discuss ethnicity implied acknowledging that the MAS’s indigenist imposture dissolved within a nation that understands itself as mestizo — a mestizo country that MAS tried to forget, subordinate, and conceal.

The forced discourse of the Plurinational State collapsed — the one founded on the existence of 36 nations — but which was born half-dead, since the plurinational hardly had any sociological existence, given that nearly thirty of those nations had a minimal population. However, plurinationalism — together with ethnicity and the ethnicization of politics — helped reinforce particular identities and generate social and racial violence around them, instead of building and rescuing what was held in common, what unites the population.

At the same time, the community-based social model also faded, because most people do not believe in the community or in communitarianism; they trust the market, do not believe in vivir bien — the MAS’s anthropological propaganda for 20 years — but instead cling to vivir mejor, to accumulation and to private property.

Most social sectors — if not all — love market logic, not reciprocity. Bolivia is a case of popular neoliberalism: social actors, gremiales, coca growers, peasants, cooperativists, transport workers, smugglers, hardware shop and workshop owners, drivers — they are neoliberals, they adore the market and private property. Their north is accumulation.

The elections took place in a country with an overwhelmingly urban — and above all mestizo — majority, not indigenous. We reaffirm that the plurinational State, at birth, did not exist as a sociological reality. That State was a fiction; today, the appeal to it is exhausted — it has sunk as both concept and reality. That does not mean indigenous inclusion was wrong — but it was an inclusion of minorities in a country of mestizo majorities. Thus, the indigenist vision of Bolivia — so praised by European development agencies — sank. The automatic equality between men and women defined by chacha–warmi was disproven.

The MAS’s homophobic vision was exposed — the one that allowed Morales’s female ministers to celebrate machismo and the crimes linked to their leader’s pedophilia. Likewise, the “moral reserve of society,” meaning MAS-aligned social movements, was undermined, as several of them ended up connected to smuggling and drug trafficking. Its painful metaphor is Llallagua.

The imposture of the plurinational State and the supposed existence of a majority-indigenous country collapsed; the paradigm of a community-based social model disintegrated. In place of the indigenous, the urban-popular resurfaces. Instead of indigenous dominance, what prevails is the overwhelming existence of an urban country of mestizo character — accompanied by some indigenous peoples.

Carlos Toranzo is an economist.

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