From inflation to low growth: Bolivia’s economy before the change of government | De la inflación al bajo crecimiento: así está la economía de Bolivia antes del cambio de Gobierno

By Daniel Salazar, Bloomberg Linea:

According to analysts, Bolivia’s next president will face “a three-headed dragon: inflation, dollars, and fuel.”

La Paz, Bolívia
From inflation to low growth: this is how Bolivia’s economy looks before the change of government. The Mi Teleférico cable cars fly over La Paz, Bolivia, on Friday, June 13, 2025 (Bloomberg/MARCELO PEREZ DEL CARPIO)

Bloomberg Línea — The new Bolivian government, which will take office on November 8, will have to confront an economy with a high fiscal deficit, growing debt, elevated inflation, and low productive dynamism.

The incoming administration will also have to deal with dependence on hydrocarbons, low foreign investment, and a population burdened by poverty and informal employment.

Fiscal efficiency, institutional stability, and reforms to attract investment will be key, according to an analysis by Bolivian economist and researcher Luis Fernando Romero Torrejón.

“Whoever takes office on November 8 will inherit an unbalanced and destabilized economy—both economically and politically,” Romero told Bloomberg Línea. The former president of the Tarija Departmental College of Economists compared the situation to “changing doctors in the middle of a risky operation.”

Bolivian voters have expressed at the polls their discontent with the ruling Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS). In the second round, they will choose between centrist senator Rodrigo Paz of the Christian Democratic Party and conservative former president Jorge Quiroga.

Paz Pereira won the first round with 32.06% of the votes, followed by Quiroga with 26.70%, according to the official count by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal (TSE) on August 17.

Romero Torrejón’s report, Bolivia: a month before the change of government — how is its economy?, states that Bolivia is living through a historic moment, not only due to the inauguration of a new president but also because of the shift away from nearly 20 years of a socialist economic and political model.

He notes that “a battered economy with serious problems will be handed over, where the new authorities will practically grab a hot iron amid a context of crisis and scarce resources. They will have to solve complex problems in a short time.”

A three-headed dragon

La Paz, Bolívia
A currency exchange kiosk in La Paz, Bolivia, Tuesday, Aug. 5, 2025. (Bloomberg/Manuel Seoane)

Romero Torrejón warned that the new president will face “a three-headed dragon: inflation, dollars, and fuel,” amid serious liquidity problems, fiscal imbalances, and a possible economic recession over the next three years.

He pointed out that one of the few available paths will be to seek external financing, since “at least for the first eight months of the new government, around US$3 billion will be needed for diesel and gasoline imports, external debt payments, and other obligations derived from previous operations—such as those committed against gold reserves.”

Regarding social and economic risks, he emphasized that “a crisis caused by fuel shortages would generate greater inflationary pressure and even less economic dynamism than currently exists.”

The danger, in his view, is that “continuing inflation could be totally corrosive for the new government.”

Success will depend on governability in the streets and governance in parliament.

The priority for the new administration will be to “stabilize the economy with the lowest possible social cost, paying special attention to poverty and unemployment.”

The state of Bolivia’s economy

La Paz, Bolívia
Pedestrians walk along Camacho Square in La Paz, Bolivia, Tuesday, Aug. 5, 2025. (Bloomberg/Manuel Seoane)
  • Economic growth: Bolivia is going through a marked slowdown. After growing only 0.73% in 2024, the government set a GDP growth target of 3.51%. Recently, “the World Bank revised its regional growth projections, indicating that Bolivia will enter a three-year economic recession, with real GDP declines of -0.5%-1.1%, and -1.5% from 2025 to 2027,” Romero Torrejón said.
  • GDP and productive model: Nominal GDP reached US$46.967 billion in 2024, but the economy remains concentrated in primary sectors with little diversification. According to Romero, “a striking—and worrisome—fact is that the National Institute of Statistics (INE) has yet to publish economic growth data for even the first quarter of 2025.” He added, “It’s certainly not an encouraging figure, but this information is key to guide the decision-making of the country’s economic agents.”
  • Fiscal deficit: The country has accumulated 11 consecutive years of deficit, which could reach 11% of GDP this year, financed through debt and monetary issuance. Cutting unproductive spending will be essential to stabilize public finances.
  • Public debt: Estimated at around 90% of GDP, driven by the need to cover state spending, fuel imports, and external payments. Domestic debt is growing faster than external debt. “Recently, the minister of economy indicated that domestic debt was 19% of GDP as of August 2025, although no precise data was provided. Despite underestimated or imprecise figures, domestic debt is undoubtedly much higher.
  • Inflation: In September, year-on-year inflation reached 23.3%, one of the highest in the region. Purchasing power has fallen by over 50% in a year, affected by dollar scarcity, monetary issuance, and low production levels. “It’s estimated that inflation could reach at least 20% annually by year’s end, due to ongoing issues such as fuel shortages, dollar scarcity (and high prices), excessive money printing, weak productive activity, among others,” said Romero.
  • Net international reserves: They stand at US$3.275 billion (as of September 2025), of which 95% is in gold. Foreign currency liquidity is minimal—around US$103 million, enough for just 20 days of diesel and gasoline imports, according to Romero.
  • Gold reserves: Down 43% in volume as of September 2024—from 42.5 to 24.1 tons—after the implementation of the Gold Law (Law 1503). The Central Bank has used them to obtain liquidity, increasing vulnerability to external shocks.
  • Employment: Although the official urban unemployment rate is 3.1% (as of Q2 2025), labor informality reaches 80%, with rising underemployment and wage precariousness.
  • Poverty: Affects 40.1% of the population, and 70% have unmet basic needs. Inflation could push moderate poverty to around 40% by the end of 2025.
  • Foreign trade: In 2024, the trade deficit reached US$845 million, and by August 2025 totaled US$580 million. Exports remain dominated by minerals and hydrocarbons (67%) and are hampered by fuel and dollar shortages.
  • Foreign investment: FDI barely reached US$247 million in 2024 (0.1% of the regional total). With 1,362 points, Bolivia is perceived as one of the riskiest economies for investment—second only to Venezuela, according to JP Morgan. The report stresses that “for global investors and capitalists, Bolivia is not an attractive destination. For the next government, it will be crucial to ensure economic and legal security and to pursue institutional and regulatory reforms—in labor and taxation—to reverse this negative trend.”
  • Hydrocarbons: Gas production has fallen 46% since 2014, and exports 73%. The report notes that “the hydrocarbon sector (oil and natural gas) was the worst-performing economic activity in 2024, with a 13.41% contraction. For the past two years, there has also been a commercial and energy imbalance in the sector.”

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