In Bolivia, Ramsar sites are on the brink of extinction due to the failure to enforce environmental laws | En Bolivia los sitios Ramsar están en peligro de extinción por incumplimiento de las leyes

By Agencia de Noticias Ambientales, Erbol:

From the breathtaking high-Andean wetlands (bofedales) rich in cushion plants and glacier-fed waters, to the lush Amazonian wetlands formed by vast alluvial plains that host a wide biodiversity of mammals, birds, and fish, these ecosystems are being severely impacted by fires, mining, land-use changes, and the lack of enforcement of preservation laws.

View of Lake Titicaca, near Pariti Island. Totora plants can be seen growing in the foreground. Photo: Máximo Liberman.

A 2024 report by the Ombudsman’s Office warned that 6 of Bolivia’s 10 Ramsar sites were affected by last year’s forest fires, including the Bolivian Pantanal, Bañados del Izozog and Río Parapetí, Laguna Concepción, and the Río Yata, Río Matos, and Río Blanco wetlands in Beni. The damage threatens species that exist only in these internationally important habitats.

Seagulls foraging in a wetland in the Eduardo Abaroa Wildlife Reserve (RAMSAR Site). Photo by Máximo Liberman

According to the Ministry of Environment and Water (MMAyA), Bolivia has 198 protected areas: 23 national (24 including El Choré), 29 departmental, 141 municipal, and four indigenous and rural protected areas. There are also 11 Ramsar Sites and 12 forest reserves.

This set of conservation sites was named the Plurinational System of Protected Areas and Strategic Ecosystems (SPAP-ECOS).

Wetlands affected by water contaminated by gold mining in Apolobamba. Photo: Máximo Liberman

Wetlands and bofedales are vital for the conservation of endangered species and climate regulation, and Bolivia is the country with the largest area of ​​Ramsar sites in the world.

Apparently, a year later, these conditions have not changed, according to several sources interviewed by the Environmental News Agency (ANA). Among them are the following biologists: Arely Parabral of the Bolivian National Herbarium of the UMSA Institute of Ecology; Rosa Isela Meneses, who specializes in high-mountain ecosystem botany; as well as Máximo Alejandro Liberman Cruz of the UMSA Institute of Ecology and a consultant in environmental impact studies; and Mauricio Herrera, who works with “Aves Bolivianas” in Beni.

Large Pastures Flamingos. Photo by Máximo Liberman

All four are alarmed by the lack of compliance with regulations to safeguard them. Incidentally, in Bolivia, the conservation of Ramsar sites is based on Law No. 2357 of 2002, which approves the Ramsar Convention, and Environmental Law No. 1333 of 1992, which establishes protected areas as state property and mandates their conservation under management plans. Supreme decrees (SD) such as No. 2311 of 2015 also require the application of international conventions to mining activities within Ramsar sites, and more recent decrees such as SD5202 of 2024 regulate management plans for protected areas.

Tourists enjoying the landscape of a bofedal and the Laguna Negra, Nor Lípez (RAMSA Site) Photo Máximo Liberman

Legal Breach

Biologist Máximo Liberman refers to what is happening in Laguna Pastos Grandes, Nor Lípez, where Ramsar sites protected by laws are violated despite their global importance.

Llamas grazing in a bog in Nor Lípez, Potosí. Photo by Máximo Liberman

“The Russian company Rosatom, which works in this area, has intervened with the infrastructure, built roads, and cut off the entire drainage system for the water that accumulates in the high mountains, where there are water sources that are affecting the wetlands and, therefore, the life of llamas in particular,” he emphasizes.

In this context, he points out that “Bolivia is one of the last countries to comply with national and international standards.”

Another emblematic case is Chile, which exploits wetland waters for lithium exploitation, often affecting various species, people’s lives, and their territories.

Viscachas also feed in wetlands. Photo by Máximo Liberman

He points out that without the groundwater from the wetlands, Chile would lose practically all its income, as it is currently the second-largest producer of lithium in the world.

“I’m not at all optimistic because, really, regarding the mining issue and the forest fires, regulations must be enforced, because the Bolivian government has signed them. So, it’s the only way to stop this environmental disaster that affects camelid fauna, as well as birds, rodents, and lizards that are affected by living in these very specific ecosystems,” he states.

Vicuñas grazing in a wetlands in Nor Lípez. Photo by Máximo Liberman

Along the same lines, for Rosa Isela Meneses, a specialist in botany of high-mountain ecosystems, “mining exploitation” opens roads through wetlands, regardless of the consequences.

“Here, what a miner is interested in is getting to their mineral. So, they’ll open their road, cut off the water flow, fragment it, and little by little, the wetlands will dry up,” she adds.

At the same time, there’s the danger that the wetlands could become saline, and, as in the case of Ulla Ulla, the cushion vegetation is being lost, without taking into account that they absorb CO2 and provide oxygen.

Guallatas in a bofedal area in Sud Lípez. Photo by Máximo Liberman

Minería y la contaminación de bofedales

La bióloga Arely Parabral, argumenta que en el caso de los bofedales de altura existen ciertos ecosistemas, que son reservorios de carbono, pero por desconocimiento están camino a “extinguirse”.

“Por los usos que se les da de forma inadecuada, principalmente por la actividad minera que esta exagerada en nuestro país y sin control por los precios del mineral y toda la situación económica”, remarca la experta.Lo que directamente afecta a los bofedales, por un lado, los contamina con los metales pesados, y en algunos casos se desvíen las aguas de los bofedales que luego podrían secarse.

Detail of the fruits of the Pacú (Oxicloe andina). Photo by Máximo Liberman

“Then all the organic matter that had to come down will begin to decompose, which could further exacerbate the climate change problem we’re currently experiencing, with the generation of greenhouse gases and the decomposition of large amounts of organic matter, a process called methanogenesis that should be studied in our high-altitude ecosystems like our wetlands,” he emphasizes.

For his part, biologist Mauricio Herrera, who works with “Aves Bolivianas” (Bolivian Birds), seeks to preserve the Blue-throated Parade, from the Llanos de Moxos, the third most important flooded savanna in South America.

For this professional, the main risk in this lowland area, like in Beni, is the new land-use plan that affects the so-called curichi ecosystems.

Totora reed crafts on Pariti Island. Photo: Máximo Liberman.

“Now it turns out they’re changing this type of soil, modifying these areas that were designated for extensive grazing, converting them to rice and soybean crops,” he notes, pointing out that the laws aren’t being enforced.

“The water here comes suddenly during the rainy season, and they’re draining it for rice crops. So, in the long run, this changes the entire water cycle of this area, and everything ends up being ruined. We’re starting to experience the same thing as Santa Cruz in the eastern lowlands, where there are mainly Mennonites, where the soils have already died,” he notes.

Totora reeds on Lake Titicaca. Photo: Máximo Liberman.

The 30×30 target is a global objective, part of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, which seeks to protect and effectively manage at least 30% of the planet’s land, inland, coastal and marine waters by 2030. This initiative aims to ensure that nature thrives, providing vital benefits to society, such as carbon capture, supporting pollinators, and providing food and recreation. Bolivia is committed to this target, and it is our right and duty to ensure that it is met.

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