The president who squandered the most gold in Bolivia | El presidente que más oro dilapidó en Bolivia

By Gonzalo Colque, Visión 360:

Víctor Paz, Luis Arce and the Gold Reserves

The president forged in the storms of 20th-century Bolivia faced the crisis with the conviction that touching the gold reserves meant not only mortgaging the country’s last economic lifeline but also committing a desperate act, one unworthy of the presidential office.

Víctor Paz Estenssoro returned to the presidency in 1985 with the gaze of a man who had seen too much in life—someone who had been both protagonist and witness to revolutions, coups d’état, booms, and recessions. Hyperinflation figures were so staggering they seemed made up. Prices rose every day, every hour, to the point that Hernán Siles ordered the printing of the highest-denomination bill ever seen in Bolivia: 10,000,000 pesos bolivianos.

Supreme Decree 21060 was drafted and signed with the urgency of a surgeon who, foreseeing a fatal outcome, undertakes a desperate operation. “Bolivia is dying,” Víctor Paz had declared. Among the approved measures was the monetization of half of the 28 tons of gold held by the Central Bank, as a last resort to preserve the nation.

But Paz Estenssoro, who had already known both glory and defeat, understood that if he touched the gold immediately, his legacy would be reduced to that of presidents who fail to reach the stature of a statesman, those who spend what the State does not have. Instead of mortgaging the future, he chose the path of hard work: liberalizing prices, cutting subsidies, and shutting down bankrupt state-owned companies. It was surgery without anesthesia, a brutal intervention that made the whole country bleed.

Despite the president’s determination to reject the easy, short-term fix, the shine of gold still seeped into the halls of the Palacio Quemado. Every outbreak of protest, every revolutionary roar of the miners, brought ministers sliding papers onto his desk, awaiting only his signature to unleash a gold rush and squander resources recklessly. Yet Paz Estenssoro, with the cold lucidity that defined him, chose again and again the hard path of fiscal discipline.

At the end of his four-year term, the 28 tons of gold remained intact in the Central Bank’s vaults. The storm had passed without Víctor Paz succumbing to the temptation of squandering strategic reserves. From the first day, he had dismissed “cosmetic measures” and bluntly announced a radical reform to redirect the economy. The gold bars did not vanish. They remained as silent witnesses of the obstinacy of an octogenarian leader who, in his final act, had, to paraphrase his historic speech, the moral courage to choose the lasting path, with its trail of sacrifices.

Two decades later, another man, with a different face, sat in the presidential chair. Luis Arce Catacora—hailed by many as the father of the “economic miracle” under Evo Morales’ government—inherited not 28, but 43 tons of gold. But far from emulating the prudence and sound practices of his predecessors, he leveraged his parliamentary majority to push through Law 1503, which opened the vaults to the monetization of the historic treasure. Once he signed the “gold law,” the Central Bank inaugurated a new cycle that could well be called the era of the state’s gold fever. In just four months, between May and August 2023, 21 tons were sold on the world market. Only the clause requiring a minimum of 22 tons prevented the reserves from being completely emptied.

But, true to their habit of spending what they do not have, Arce and his Central Bank operators chose to sustain their final year in power by pledging 8.4 tons of the minimum reserves. The express loans obtained—$828 million—wove an illusion of economic stability. Between January and August 2025, they pawned what they should not have, invoking a supposed legal power, a furtive clause slipped into the General State Budget Law to override Law 1670 of 1995. They deliberately ignored the constitutional ruling prohibiting a budget law from altering a permanent law.

Arce Catacora will go down in history as the president who squandered the most gold in Bolivia. Beyond the 21 tons sold and 8.4 pledged, he converted into currency another 28 tons purchased from small-scale gold cooperatives, under the pretext of “strengthening” international reserves. To finance this maneuver, the Central Bank had no qualms about turning on the money-printing press, a move that only worsened inflation and the loss of the national currency’s purchasing power. In total, in just three years, 57.4 tons of gold were monetized, at a voracious pace of 19 tons per year.

The contrast between Paz Estenssoro and Arce Catacora seems lifted from the pages of a magical realist novel. The president forged in the storms of 20th-century Bolivia faced the crisis with the conviction that touching the gold reserves meant not only mortgaging the country’s last economic lifeline but also committing a desperate act, one unworthy of the presidential office. By contrast, today’s ruler, entangled in archaic rhetoric, emptied the vaults with the lightness of one who tosses an undeserved inheritance to the wind.

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