Bolivia: Monetary Issuance Grew by 815% from 2006 to 2024 | La emisión monetaria creció en un 815% del 2006 al 2024

By Fernando Romero, Eju.tv:

As of August 2025, despite INE data showing a slowdown in inflation, Bolivia’s accumulated (18.09%) and year-on-year (24.15%) inflation rates remain high. Estimates suggest this year will close between 22% and 25%.

Alongside the shortage of dollars (and their high cost), fuel scarcity, reverse contraband, and other issues, excessive monetary issuance stands out as one of the main drivers of inflation since 2024.

How did monetary issuance and economic growth evolve under Bolivia’s last three governments?

Based on official BCB data, we analyzed monetary issuance from 2006 to 2024, covering three governments.

In 2006, when Evo Morales took office, monetary issuance was Bs. 8.774 billion, 42% higher than the previous year. That same year, issuance grew by 61%—the highest rate recorded during Morales’ administration.

Despite continued issuance after 2014, economic performance declined due to the fall in the hydrocarbons sector. From 2006 to 2019, issuance grew by 461%, reaching Bs. 453.55 billion.

Jeanine Añez governed from November 2019 to November 2020. In 2020, amid the pandemic, the economy contracted by 8.74%, while issuance grew significantly (9.03%) compared to 2019 (0.46%).

Though her administration lasted only one year, monetary issuance in 2020 reached Bs. 53.616 billion—the highest in the last 15 years. This was largely driven by the need to address the health emergency, increased government transfers (bonuses, subsidies, etc.), and public spending financed with local currency.

During Luis Arce Catacora’s first two years, issuance was “moderate,” averaging 2.83% annually. Yet the economy slowed from 6.11% growth in 2021 to 3.61% in 2022, accumulating Bs. 113 billion in issuance.

This changed sharply in 2023, when issuance grew by 18%. In 2024, it rose by another 20%, even though the economy expanded by just 0.73%. Between 2021 and 2024, issuance increased 43%, averaging Bs. 65 billion per year.

A clear correlation emerges between higher issuance and rising inflation. For instance, in 2007, under Morales, issuance jumped 61%, and inflation reached 11.73%. Under Arce, in 2024, issuance rose 20%, while inflation hit nearly 10%—the highest since 2009.

Why has excessive monetary issuance caused inflation in Bolivia?

  1. More money in a slowing economy: Large sums of money entered an economy producing and growing less (just 0.73% in 2024). Demand rose while supply was limited, imports became more expensive, and inflationary pressure grew.
  2. Declining trust in the boliviano: Fear of devaluation or hyperinflation persists amid political uncertainty. Rising demand for dollars has driven up their price. Inflationary expectations remain high, meaning more bolivianos are needed to buy the same or less than a year ago.
  3. Financing state spending: Evidence suggests excessive issuance has helped cover fiscal deficits, coinciding with rising domestic debt, largely financed in local currency. This injects additional money into the economy, fueling structural inflation.

What should the new government do to control issuance-driven inflation?

  1. Restrictive monetary policy: Strictly control issuance, especially in a stagnating economy. Attract savings in local currency via bonds or other instruments. Raising reserve requirements could also limit excess liquidity.
  2. Fiscal discipline and adjustment: Stop financing deficits with BCB-issued money by granting the central bank full independence. Reduce public spending structurally and sustainably to bring down the fiscal deficit, now at 10% of GDP, and cut reliance on monetary issuance.
  3. Restore confidence in the boliviano: The government must show credibility and stability. Resolving key issues like fuel shortages, dollar scarcity, and inflation will reduce pressure on foreign currency demand. Transparent and consistent BCB data reporting is essential. Sensible macroeconomic policies can improve expectations and restore trust.

By July 2025, cumulative issuance reached Bs. 94.993 billion, 35% higher than July 2024, and already 18% above the entire 2024 figure. This suggests even higher issuance—and inflationary pressure—in 2025.

The state’s liquidity needs are high, with much of its debt in local currency. Without strict control of issuance, fiscal deficit, domestic debt, and inflation, not only the public sector but also the financial system—especially private banks—could be at risk. A weakened, distrusted currency would reduce financial intermediation and credit availability, stifling investment, jobs, and economic growth.

By: Luis Fernando Romero Torrejón
Economist, researcher, and university professor

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