Bolivia has remained a lower-middle-income country for 37 years, despite the gas boom | Bolivia lleva 37 años estancada como país de ingreso medio bajo, pese al boom del gas

By Ernesto Estremadoiro, El Deber:

The country remains stuck in the World Bank ranking / Photo: Ricardo Montero

Since 1987, Bolivia has remained in the lower-middle-income category, according to the World Bank. While neighbors like Peru and Paraguay climb positions, the country still hasn’t broken through the development ceiling.

In 1987, Bolivia was classified as a lower-middle-income country, according to a ranking compiled by the World Bank. In 2024, it still is. Three and a half decades later, the country has failed to overcome the economic barrier that separates developing nations from those that consolidate growth—despite having experienced a period of high income due to gas exports. The organization’s latest report once again places Bolivia in the same category, alongside countries like Nigeria, Honduras, and Bangladesh.

Each year, the World Bank classifies the world’s economies into four income groups: low, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high. These classifications, updated annually on July 1st, are based on the gross national income (GNI) per capita from the previous year, expressed in U.S. dollars using the Atlas method.

The classification defines lower-middle-income countries as those with a GNI between $1,136 and $4,465. Bolivia has fluctuated within this range for nearly four decades, never reaching the threshold that would place it in the upper-middle-income category.

In 1987, 30% of reporting countries were classified as low-income and 25% as high-income. In 2024, those figures shifted to 12% (low-income) and 40% (high-income).

Boom era

Bolivia made no progress in this measurement even during the boom it experienced between 2006 and 2014 due to high gas exports. This was driven by the surge in natural gas exports to Brazil and Argentina.

Thanks to high international hydrocarbon prices and favorable contracts signed by the state, gas revenue multiplied, allowing the government to finance social programs, increase public investment, and accumulate record international reserves, which reached $15 billion.

This growth cycle, accompanied by a strong state presence in the economy, helped reduce poverty and boost domestic consumption. However, despite the extraordinary revenues, the country failed to diversify its productive matrix or lay the foundations for long-term sustainable development.

Stagnation

This stagnation is more than just a number. It reflects an economy that has failed to diversify, continues to rely on raw material exports—natural gas, minerals, and agricultural products—and faces serious structural limitations.

Despite periods of prosperity, such as the commodity boom in the 2000s, the country has not transformed those extraordinary earnings into a sustainable development model.

Meanwhile, neighboring countries like Peru and Paraguay have shown more consistent progress. Both have improved their indicators in investment, education, and trade openness, achieving upper-middle-income status. Chile and Uruguay, for their part, already belong to the group of high-income countries.

In Bolivia, the challenges are numerous: low educational quality, labor informality, weak institutions, little investment in science and technology, and growing fiscal pressure. This is compounded by an adverse international context, with volatile commodity prices and increasingly limited access to external financing.

Current situation

The report comes at a tense economic time. Over the past year, national GDP grew by just 0.73%. Added to this is double-digit inflation—something not seen since the 1980s. According to the National Institute of Statistics (INE), accumulated inflation has reached 15.53%.

This figure surpasses the annual inflation target set by President Luis Arce Catacora’s government, which is under heavy criticism due to the ongoing economic crisis marked by a shortage of dollars, fuel supply problems, and social unrest.

Another worrying figure comes from the Center for Labor and Agricultural Development Studies (CEDLA), which in a recent report stated that the sustained rise in prices has significantly eroded the purchasing power of Bolivian households.

Using data consolidated through May of this year, the report says that “with 12-month accumulated inflation at 18%, the 5% wage increase is insufficient to reverse the decline in real income, especially among those with the lowest wages.”

This year’s ‘wage increase’ benefits workers unevenly, deepening the gaps in a labor market characterized by low income and limited stability,” the institution stated in its report.

Government stance

So far, the government has not commented on this study; however, on previous occasions, the Executive Branch has rejected similar reports.

For President Luis Arce Catacora’s administration, these reports do not take into account the measures implemented to contain the effects of the internal crisis. The government has also repeatedly argued that these analyses overlook the impact of the legislative blockade on international loans, which has delayed the disbursement of funds intended for economic recovery.

Recently, the National Institute of Statistics (INE) attributed the economic stagnation and high inflation to social conflicts driven by sectors aligned with former president Evo Morales, who are demanding that he be allowed to run as a candidate in the presidential elections scheduled for August.

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