Notes on the Potosí pastries of Corpus Christi | Apuntes sobre la repostería potosina de Corpus Christie

By Juan José Toro Montoya, El Potosí:

Chambergos, sopaipillas and tahua tahuas

Venta de repostería tradicional potosina.

Sale of traditional Potosí pastries.

Venta de repostería tradicional potosina.

In Potosí, the Corpus Christi festivity includes, among its distinctive features, the consumption of dough-based snacks, of which three stand out: chambergos, sopaipillas, and tahua tahuas. Although they are part of the regional identity of this religious celebration, no researcher has been able to determine the origin of these three foods, although, given their long-standing presence in the celebration, they have already been categorized as part of Potosí’s heritage.

From my experience with the broth-filled pastry called salteña, I know that determining the origin of a food, let alone documenting it, is not an easy task, so with the intention of responding to the many questions I receive about chambergos, sopaipillas, and tahua tahuas, I’ll share here just a few initial notes that may serve future research.

The first thing that became clear to me is that what we know as traditional Potosí pastries is not limited to these three treats, which Walter Zavala once called gollerías (delicacies), since there is a long list of others linked to religious festivals such as Lent and Holy Week. Apparently, in colonial times, there wasn’t much distinction, and everything was eaten, but over time, specific pastries became associated with particular celebrations. For example, let’s remember that the buñuelo is practically a Christmas fritter.

So let’s focus on the three already mentioned, noting first that they are all dough-based, as they are all made with flour. One, the tahua tahua, is fried, while the other two are baked.

CHAMBERGOS, FOR THE BLACKS

Because Ciro Bayo is considered the “first lexicographer of Bolivian Spanish,” the first step to determining the origin or meaning of a name or word is to look it up in his “Vocabulario Criollo-Español Sud-Americano,” published in 1910, but chambergo is not listed there.

Chambergo does appear, however, in “La Villa Imperial de Potosí…” by Lucas Jaimes, published in Buenos Aires five years earlier. In that book, one can read that by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during Corpus Christi, altars were built on street corners, as still happens in Puna, and visitors were received “with punch, brittle chambergos, and other creole sweets and delicate confections made right there on braziers, while bands played cheerful street tunes” (1905, 134). So we can see that by then, chambergos were so well known in Potosí that they were referred to as something ordinary. Jaimes gives us more hints about the celebration but, like other authors of his time, does not delve into the origins of these sweets and confections.

Recently, a version circulating on social media claims that chambergo is “a Potosí derivation of ‘Xamberg,’ an enormous ancient drum of Basque-Catalan origin that led the Corpus Christi procession, played by a herald or soldier” (2022); however, I have found no evidence supporting this claim. In fact, inquiries I made with people from the Basque Country, such as Mailaen López and Iñaki Goikoetxea—who traveled 32,000 kilometers through South America between 2022 and 2023 and later consulted with Basque researchers back home—also yielded no clues of this supposed link. As always, just because I can’t find anything doesn’t mean it doesn’t exist.

Social media versions also suggest that chambergo refers to a type of hat, and this does have support. The Diccionario de la Lengua Española, for example, says that chambergo comes “from (Charles) Schömberg, 1601–1656, Marshal of France who introduced the fashion into the uniform during the Catalan war around 1650” (2001, 348). As confirmed by etymological dictionaries, it refers to a military garment, and more specifically, during the minority of Carlos II (before 1665), a guard was created in Madrid to protect him, called the chamberga, and its members were called chambergos.

Caballero del chambergo, de Nicolás de Villacis.

Gentleman with a chambergo hat, by Nicolás de Villacis.

Corominas determined that chambergo and chamberga were “initially used as adjectives for a military jacket brought by General Schömberg and his troops when they came from France during the Catalan campaign (ca. 1650), and to other garments worn by soldiers who wore the chamberga.” He added that “from there it transferred to the chambergo hat and, in Andalusia, to a very narrow ribbon” (1985, II, 316–317). On that basis, the Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) defines the chambergo hat as: “a hat with a more or less flared crown and a wide brim raised on one side and held with a loop, often adorned with feathers and ribbons, and with a ribbon circling the base of the crown and hanging in the back” (2001, 348).

Wikipedia adds that “there is graphic evidence of its use as part of the Spanish army’s campaign uniform in areas of high sun exposure, such as in the Cuban and Philippine wars. It was also used as a head covering by the Afrikaners during the Boer War, as well as being part of the traditional attire of Argentine gauchos and the blandengues of Montevideo” (2024a). So, the name could have reached Potosí this way, and the resemblance between the hat and the pastry could have led to the name’s use.

However, we should also consider that the RAE includes another meaning: “a silver coin that circulated in Catalonia in the 18th century, worth slightly less than a real de Castilla” (2001, 348). It’s possible the name of that coin was transferred to the pastry in Potosí, perhaps reflecting its price, which could have led locals to call it that.

What is clear is that the name came from Spain, but there is no indication that the pastry or its recipe came from there too, which suggests it may have originated in Potosí.

Chambergo comparado con tahua tahuas.

SOPAIPILLAS, FOR THE IMILLAS

At first glance, a sopaipilla looks like an alfajor, but once again, things aren’t so simple. The RAE includes the feminine term sopaipilla as sopaipa, a “dough that, well beaten, fried and glazed with syrup, forms a type of thick fritter” (2001, 1421), and since it seems to match our treat, everything would seem clear. But… what about the origin?

Sopaipillas.

Bayo did include sopaipilla in his dictionary as “a fritter refried in honey” (1910, 210), but Corominas did a better job by tracing the word sopaipa to a text by (Francisco de?) Osuna in 1696, as a “well-beaten dough, fried and glazed, a type of thick fritter” or xopaipa, “a pancake fried in a pan” (1985, V, 305).

Xopáipa also appears in Simonet’s glossary as “cakes fried in a pan” and Xappápa, “flour wafer” (1888, 583). Corominas attributes to Simonet the Mozarabic name supaipa, with Arabic stress on the “s” and “i,” as a diminutive of suppa or súppa, meaning “piece of bread soaked in oil.” Citing Dionisio Chaca’s work, Corominas adds this meaning for sopaipilla: “disk of well-worked dough, about ten centimeters in diameter, pierced with fingers in several places and fried in plenty of fat” (1985, V, 305).

Lexicographic clues suggest that the sopaipilla came from the Old World not only as a name, as with the chambergo, but as the actual pastry. That is, its origin is Spanish, with Mozarabic roots. In Buenos Aires one can find alfajores, and in Madrid there is the famous Casa Mira, located at 30 Carreras de San Jerónimo, in the historic center. There they also sell polvorones, which cost €6.50 per quarter kilo and resemble sopaipillas, although they consist of a single piece rather than two. They are made with Marcona almonds, “lard, cinnamon, and the house secret” (2024b).

Yes, the sopaipilla is an alfajor, so we’ll find it in different countries, but the difference lies in the recipe. The dough must be made with lard, and only the older artisans know which is best for this delicacy. Quoting Gastón Dick Ossio, Corso notes that “the syrup used was made from cane sugar, arriving in leather skins from Santa Elena and Camargo” (2007, 79).

TAHUA TAHUAS, FOR THE GUAGUAS

The first challenge in determining the origin of the tahua tahua is its name. Since it’s Quechua, it’s hard—if not impossible—to verify whether this fried treat originated in the Americas or has some Spanish heritage.

Tawa tawas.

My research got easier when I found in Madrid a very similar treat: the pestiño. I also found it at Casa Mira, established by Luis Mira in 1842. According to the company’s official website, it’s “a fried dough flavored with sesame, usually shaped like a folded handkerchief. Sometimes it’s also made with anise seeds, sugar, or honey, depending on individual taste” (2024b).

Pestiños en Madrid, con su precio.

Pestiños in Madrid, with their price.

Cut into squares, the dough is folded inward, and many come out long, looking very much like our tahua tahuas, just a little longer. Casa Mira states that “the recipe for pestiños dates back to the 16th century, though some sources trace it even earlier, to the time of the Arab rule in the Iberian Peninsula” (ibid).

Pestiños junto a un billete, para ver su tamaño.

Pestiños next to a bill, to show their size.

A 19th-century encyclopedic dictionary describes pestiño as “a type of fried treat made of very fine flour kneaded with eggs, cut into pieces, fried in oil, and, once well browned, glazed with clarified syrup” (1894, 297). This matches Echegaray’s earlier description (1889, 800), which in turn aligns with the name prestiño found in a novel as old as “The Metamorphosis” or “The Golden Ass,” attributed to Lucius Apuleius. Nougué found the name in a 1543 edition of “The Golden Ass” and quotes this 1550 fragment: “the baker brought bread and pieces of pastries and many fried fruits, like curds and prestiños” (1966, 130).

These lexicographic references take us as far back as the 16th century, when Potosí had yet to become the silver emporium it started to be in 1545. Still, it’s important to note that Apuleius’ “The Golden Ass” is a novel written in the 2nd century, hinting at the ancient origin of the pestiño or prestiño, which in the Villa Imperial began to be made with local recipes and adopted the name tahua tahua. Zavala attributed the Quechua word tahua (four) to the treat’s colonial-era price—one-quarter real, or four quarters—while Corso notes that these treats were sold in Municipal Schools, founded by Modesto Omiste, and “during recess, four tawatawas were sold to kids for half a coin; and the girls (imillas, in Quechua) preferred the sopaipillas” (2007, 79).

As with most mestizo cuisine, the key difference lies in the ingredients and recipe. The Potosí-based company “Vigor” prints on the packaging of its tahua tahuas that it is “a fried food glazed with syrup.”

Las tahua tahuas también se venden así.

Tahua tahuas are also sold like this.

IDENTITY

During Corpus Christi in Potosí, not only chambergos, sopaipillas, and tahua tahuas are eaten, but also romboscanelonesbocado de reina, and other delicacies that were cataloged for inclusion in the dossier submitted to UNESCO to inscribe the Ch’utillos festivity in the list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

The difference lies not just in the recipes but also in the regional identity these snacks have acquired. As we’ve seen, they are also called fruta de sartén or fruta seca (pan-fried or dry fruit). Part of that identity includes the jokes Potosinos use to refer to them: “chambergos, for the blacks; sopaipillas, for the imillas; tahua tahuas, for the guaguas.” I recently added the following: “canelones, for the maricones.”

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