Harvard and Bolivia, the Commutative Property | Harvard y Bolivia, la propiedad conmutativa

By Amparo Ballivián, Brújula Digital:

In 1984, Bolivian business leaders designed a structural adjustment plan (the basis of Supreme Decree 21060) and validated it with Jeffrey Sachs. Today, Harvard (Ricardo Hausmann) is proposing similar solutions for the current crisis, ratified by 90 Bolivians. The formula is classic: reduce the deficit, liberalize markets, and align prices with reality.

Jeffery Sachs (left) and Ricardo Hausmann

Between mid-1983 and mid-1984, a group of around 80 private businesspeople set out to draft a proposal to pull Bolivia out of its economic crisis. They met many times, agreeing that each meeting would focus on a specific topic.

On some issues, there was no debate. Everyone agreed that the fiscal deficit had to be drastically reduced, the role of the State in the economy had to be diminished, and the exchange rate had to be “realigned,” for example. When it came to foreign trade, there was consensus that trade policy should be open, with as few requirements as possible, and a single import tariff. But when it was proposed that the tariff be so low that smugglers would find it just as profitable to pay it as to continue smuggling (with its higher transportation costs, bribes, etc.), the representative of the National Chamber of Industries predictably opposed the idea vehemently. His arguments were the typical ECLAC-style ones: protection of the “infant industry,” Bolivia should aspire to industrialization, and so on. He lost.

Likewise, when the proposal to eliminate all controls on banking interest rates was raised, the representative of the Chamber of Commerce strongly objected. He lost too.

After several months, a consensus was reached on an economic program to save the “dying Bolivia.” The proposal was published in full as a special supplement of the newspaper Hoy on April 12, 1984 (perhaps also in other papers, but I only kept a copy of the Hoy supplement), under the title “Guidelines and Proposals from the Private Sector for an Economic Recovery Program.” The final draft was written by the Board of Directors of the Confederation of Private Businessmen of Bolivia (CEPB), which was then presided over by Fernando Illanes.

Not content with that, one of the businessmen raised, quite wisely, the question of whether everyone was sure the proposal was internally consistent. That is, was everyone certain that what was being proposed in one area did not contradict what was proposed in another? I don’t remember if it was that person or someone else, but it was also agreed that the proposal needed a kind of “seal of quality” from some prestigious academic institution or figure.

Some of the participants—or their advisors—had been students of Jeffrey Sachs at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. At the time, Sachs was not a well-known economist outside academic circles in the U.S. (some would say not even within them), but his Bolivian former students assured everyone he was brilliant and deeply interested in development issues. One fact alone convinced everyone: Jeffrey Sachs was the youngest economist ever to become a tenured professor in the history of Harvard—at age 28! (In the U.S. academic system, a professor typically attains tenure only after years of serving as an assistant and then an associate professor).

So, the CEPB sent a delegation to Boston to talk to Jeffrey. They laid out the seriousness of the crisis, the solutions proposed by the Bolivian private sector, and the need for academic validation. Jeffrey accepted the challenge on one condition: that he be accompanied by two of his students to help with statistical analysis. The CEPB agreed.

Thus, Jeffrey landed in La Paz a few weeks later, accompanied by Felipe Larraín and David Cohen. Felipe would later become Chile’s Minister of Finance, and David, last I tracked him, was an economics professor at a university in Paris. Two weeks later, Jeffrey gave his verdict: what the CEPB had proposed was internally consistent and the right path to tackle the economic crisis. He based his opinion on several numerical analyses, as far as data allowed. Given the time constraints, the calculations were quick.

If you compare the proposals published by the CEPB in April 1984 with Supreme Decree 21060, you will see a strong similarity. This reflects that the true “fathers” of DS 21060 were the CEPB Board members after the meetings of those 80 business leaders. Jeffrey played an important role, but not in the proposals themselves—only in validating them. And not because the CEPB members were geniuses, but because the recipe is classical and well-known. It also applies to the current crisis.

How do I know all this, and why bring it up now? Well, I don’t claim to be the creator of DS 21060—far from it—that club already has many members. But I was a privileged witness. In 1983, I was 23 years old and was hired as the first economist at the CEPB. When Jeffrey accepted the assignment, Fernando Illanes called me and said, “Amparo, I want you to stay close to Jeffrey and his team from the moment they land to the moment they leave. Help them get appointments with whoever they ask for and gather all the data they need, as long as it exists. Please give us verbal briefings every two days.”

So, during the two weeks of their visit, I attended every meeting that Jeffrey, Felipe, and David had. We started at 8 in the morning and ended late in the afternoon. Then we’d go to Jeffrey’s hotel and begin our follow-up analysis. Jeffrey had a very imaginative approach to doing “quick and dirty” calculations. He would come up with unconventional ways to estimate, for example, how much a devaluation would influence inflation and other similar issues.

Others have written about the relationship between Harvard and DS 21060 before—like Roberto Laserna, Raúl Peñaranda, and Juan José Toro. I’m telling this story now not just to set the historical record straight about the origins of DS 21060, but also because it parallels the recent Harvard meeting promoted by Marcelo Claure.

Just like back then, the current proposal from Harvard’s Growth Lab, led by Ricardo Hausmann, also follows the well-known and successful principles for resolving crises in developing countries. One of the key takeaways from the recent Harvard meeting was that the problem isn’t technical—it’s political. So there weren’t major disagreements, although there were important contributions that had been omitted in Hausmann’s initial pre-proposal presentation.

So, while in 1984 the proposal came from Bolivians and was validated by a Harvard professor, in 2025 it’s the reverse: the proposal came from Harvard and was validated by around 90 Bolivians who attended the meeting. The result was the same. That is, the commutative property applies to the relationship between Harvard and Bolivia.

Amparo Ballivián is an economist. She was a presidential pre-candidate in Bolivia.

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