Bolivian democracy, between life and death | Democracia boliviana, entre la vida y la muerte

By Andres Gomez, Brujula Digital:

For more than four decades, “democracy” has been the most repeated word in the country, but perhaps the least understood. This October 10, democracy will turn 42 years old in Bolivia. In October 2019, Bolivians were on the verge of losing it. The risk remains. To preserve and defend it from demagogues, it is essential to understand how it works or should work.

In school and university, we are often taught that democracy is the government of the people. They repeat, sometimes without going deeper, that democracy comes from two Greek terms: demos = people and kratos = government. It is a basic explanation, which doesn’t mean it is unimportant, but democracy is more than just the government of the people. Essentially, it is a system of government characterized by the distribution of power.

Who distributes the power? The people/citizens. How? Through voting. How often? Every five years in the case of Bolivia. What is the purpose of distributing power? To avoid its concentration in a single person or in a few individuals. The concentration of power is undemocratic because it leads to an absolute monarchy, or a tyranny, or an oligarchy, or a plutocracy.

The distribution of power is so fundamental to democracy that even the distributor of power cannot accumulate power to act arbitrarily. Their power is also limited despite being the source and origin. What is that limit? The Constitution. It defines the rules of the game. Among them: who distributes the power; how; how often; in national, departmental, or municipal constituencies; in how many branches (legislative, judicial); and under what circumstances power comes to an end.

Why power? Because power is the legitimacy granted to a group of citizens (government) to impose its decisions on the rest of the community that gave its consent through voting. These decisions must be made, as American professor Robert Alan Dahl states, within the framework of the rules of the game established in the Constitution and for the benefit of the majority. If the rules are not respected or the decisions only benefit a group, the people have the right to change the government or to rebel.

Over the past 18 years, the major problem facing Bolivian democracy has been precisely the violation of the rules of the game. A group of people, organized into a political party (MAS), came to power in January 2006 with 54% electoral support. Riding on that absolute majority, they changed the rules in January 2009 (new Constitution). Years later, they violated the new rules that the same group had approved by enabling the candidacy of the president, who could no longer run in the 2014 national elections because the Constitution prohibited it.

Why did they break their own rules? To accumulate power in one person, the president. Why accumulate power? To remain in power indefinitely, allowing the person who serves as president and the elite around him to continue. MAS almost achieved its goal of unlimited power through fraud in October 2019. It failed. A popular rebellion ousted the would-be tyrant’s project from the government. But the group that accompanied him returned to power in 2020, through the same popular vote.

Therefore, Bolivian democracy is once again in danger because the ruling group’s objective is to accumulate power to perpetuate itself in government without any political limitation. Faced with this risk, it is necessary to warn of the serious consequences for Bolivian society.

Impossibility of changing the government: The people’s power not only lies in delegating power to a group of citizens to form a government but also in replacing it to protect against the risk of it becoming an immovable force. The current government wants to become that immovable force.

In light of this grave possibility, it is important to understand that the rotation of elites in government opens a range of solutions to the socio-economic problems of the political community. The presence of a single party in management ends in a one-party dictatorship and a centralized economy. In times of crisis, the doctrinaire government prefers to sacrifice its people, as is the case with the Bolivian people, rather than leave power and give way to other economic proposals.

Blockage of the free market economy: In countries where power is distributed, the free market economy operates. It may have flaws, but it works because it distributes wealth created by citizens through knowledge production, business formation, and job creation. In contrast, a government like Luis Arce’s blocks the free market to monopolize the distribution of benefits, created with public money, in favor of the group that supports it.

Political polarization: Governments that refuse to distribute power, like the Bolivian one, feed off political polarization and the construction of enemies. They are not interested in creating elements of social cohesion because fostering cohesion requires respecting and promoting the freedom of thought of others. Violating freedom of thought polarizes society because it ceases to be a means of communication between political equals and becomes a danger to the thinking individual.

The national elections of 2025 will be a matter of life or death for democracy. If the group currently governing Bolivia manages to remain in power, “by fair means or foul” as its members like to say, Bolivian democracy will have definitively died at the age of 43. MAS will have achieved the goal it nearly reached on November 12, 2019. Will Bolivians allow this to happen?

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