Bolivia, Is it a Failed State? | Bolivia, ¿Es un Estado fallido?

By Carlos Dabdoub Arrien, Eju.tv:

The Bolivian state has adopted various styles of government in the past hundred years. Some of them have been known as liberalism, nationalism, military dictatorship, neoliberalism, or populism. However, none of them have adequately resolved the country’s economic, political, social, and cultural situation, to the point where, nowadays, people speak of a “failed state,” a controversial term, to be sure, that has gained traction globally.

If taken literally, a failed state occurs when there is a weak state with little control over its territory, where there is no effective, democratic government, but rather an abusive centralist rule with a dictatorial slant that monopolizes and uses all power, without ensuring the normal functioning of state administration or guaranteeing access to basic services for its population, nor does it control criminal activity.

The U.S.-based think tank Fund for Peace publishes an annual Failed States Index, based on several indicators, which has been featured in the American magazine Foreign Policy since 2005. In the latest report, Bolivia ranks 81st out of 179 countries.

Today, a state’s failure is measured by the following parameters: political corruption and police and judicial inefficacy; high levels of crime, organized crime, and citizen insecurity; high levels of terrorism and drug trafficking; the inability of security forces to address the aforementioned issues; high levels of informality, poverty, and extreme poverty; economic crises, inflation, and unemployment; the inability to provide basic services to the population; the inability to respond to national emergencies; vulnerability to natural disasters; overpopulation and pollution; low percentages of people with higher education; a large portion of the population living in informal settlements; brain drain (highly skilled emigration); a large portion of the population with incomplete primary or secondary education; loss of physical control over the territory or the monopoly on the legitimate use of public force; inability to interact with other states as a full member of the international community.

Another term that complements the concept of a failed state is the so-called “parallel state.” It is used to describe the clandestine connection between formal political leadership and factions within the state apparatus, organized crime, and/or violence experts. In particular, within the “parallel state,” three main variants of criminalized governance can be distinguished: the “corrupt state,” especially vocationally; the “mafia state;” and the “warlord or guerrilla state.”

Given the unfortunate national events of the last two decades, it is very possible that the majority of the people believe that Bolivia currently bears the marks of a failed state. However, it is also widely acknowledged that the rulers alone are not to blame. The root cause is its administrative model, a centralist state that concentrates political and economic power, favoring a corrupt, inefficient, and clientelistic state bureaucracy, an easy prey for all who aspire to occupy the presidential seat.

As long as this outdated, perverse, and rotten model does not change, regardless of who the next tenant of Plaza Murillo is, the story will remain the same. Bolivia needs to be refounded. It will not be through patches or miraculous remedies that a dying failed state will be saved.

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