Remittances surpass foreign direct investment | Remesas superan a la inversión extranjera directa

Por Marco Antonio Belmonte, Vision 360:

Bolivians send more money from abroad

In Bolivia, remittances surpass foreign direct investment

Last year, net foreign investment reached $294 million, while remittances in 2023 totaled $1.4364 billion. By March of this year, remittances amounted to $334.9 million.

Los bolivianos  en el exterior envían más remesas hacía Bolivia. Foto. ABI.

Bolivians abroad send more remittances to Bolivia. Photo: ABI.

In recent years, remittances sent by Bolivians who had to migrate to other nations in search of better job opportunities have surpassed the flows of Net Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the country.

In fact, last year the value of net FDI reached $294 million, while remittances totaled $1,436.4 million.

Last year’s remittances were slightly lower than those of 2022, totaling $1,437 million, according to data from the Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB).

Furthermore, by the first quarter of 2024, they already amount to $334.9 million (BCB data), meaning this figure has already surpassed the FDI for the entire previous year.

In January, the Minister of Development Planning, Sergio Cusicanqui, highlighted that during 2023, remittances from Bolivian workers abroad experienced an increase, marking another historic record that had not been seen in more than 10 years. These resources not only contribute to the reconstruction of the national economy but also positively impact family incomes.

BCB figures reveal that last year, $441.6 million came from Spain, a figure lower than the $451.4 million received in 2022.

From Chile, $312.9 million were sent, from the United States (USA) $301.3 million, from Brazil $92.8 million, from Argentina $69.3 million, among the main countries hosting Bolivian migrants.

Foreign Investment

External investment capital was concentrated in sectors such as hydrocarbons, manufacturing, and commerce. In mining, the inflow of capital was zero or negative, according to data from the Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB).

“Net Foreign Direct Investment received registered positive flows for the third consecutive year, which was $294 million for 2023, higher than the $287 million in 2022, explained by reinvested profits, mainly from the hydrocarbons and manufacturing industries, and by a smaller disinvestment,” states the BCB in its 2023 Balance of Payments report.

Gross investment in 2022 had reached $990 million, and in 2023, foreign companies operating in the country reduced their resources to $700 million.

In particular, in the hydrocarbons sector, the net external resources that entered the country were $128 million; in the manufacturing industry, $47 million; in commerce, $38 million; and in transport, storage, and communications, also $38 million, according to the central bank.

In mining, gross investment was negative by $2 million, and net flow fell to minus $20 million.

Disinvestment was 58.7% lower compared to the previous year, mainly explained by the amortization of intrafirm credits. Consequently, a positive net investment flow was recorded in a context of slowing economic growth in the region, according to the World Bank’s outlook reports,” highlighted the Central Bank in its report.

On June 7th, the President of Bolivia, Luis Arce, during the plenary session of the International Economic Forum in Saint Petersburg, stated that Bolivia is open to international investments but guarantees maintaining control over its natural resources, which it considers strategic. “When it comes to natural resources, strategic for the country, the State must have 50 percent plus one of the participation in these businesses,” he affirmed.

Net FDI

Financial analyst Jaime Dunn explained that net FDI means the inflow and outflow of investment, and if this flow is negative, it implies that investors have withdrawn more money than they have injected into the country.

He recalled that foreign investment in Bolivia was significant during the capitalization of public companies (1993-1997) and in the recent period, from 2009 to 2014. “It was interesting in amount while there were hydrocarbons in Bolivia, from 2009 to 2014 when net FDI was very positive. What happened is that the gas ran out, and the oil companies are the ones who have taken most of their money to other countries,” he pointed out.

That is why at the end of 2022, there was a negative flow of $26 million, due to disinvestment.

To attract FDI, the expert pointed out that the most important thing is to have a transparent country, without corruption, and above all with legal security. “In Bolivia, with nationalizations, with the abuse of the law and the Constitution, it is impossible to achieve net foreign investment. Moreover, this investment must be of quality, not from pirates. The entry of corrosive capital is very high; there are Russian, Chinese companies, and companies that can come with different names, but they are not always of quality,” he noted.

Dunn believes that Bolivia is still an attractive country with potential in sectors such as hydrocarbons because there are still reserves, and the gas has not run out, but exploration must be encouraged. Mining also has a good outlook, but the problem is that the tax regime is one of the least attractive in the world.

Economist Germán Molina explained that FDI is reduced in Bolivia because the Political Constitution of the State (CPE) approved in 2009 discourages the attraction of capital, as one of the articles emphasizes that the State is the main actor in the economy through strategic companies.

“This is read by investors abroad, and it is not attractive to them, and they cannot bring their money for it to be managed by a government that, they fear, may not be able to do so efficiently. To attract investment again, the CPE or a law that can generate incentives must be modified; but now, globally, there is lower growth, and investors will always prefer to take their money to safe countries in the European Union, the United States; and in Latin America, to Chile, Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay. But in Bolivia, if they see blockades, it is a disincentive,” he emphasized.

Regarding remittances, Molina observed that flows have increased because many people do not see a future in Bolivia, there is unemployment, and families go to other countries, which is why more money is sent from abroad.

“This will continue because there is no prospect that the country can grow sustainably over time, and this means that new generations entering the labor market have no future; there is a lot of political clientelism to access jobs. Currently, the largest employer is the public sector, but it requires party affiliation more than professional training,” he stated.

Declining Investment

According to a study and a draft law titled “Law for the Promotion, Protection, and Legal Stability of Private Investment,” prepared by economists Jaime Dunn, Antonio Pérez Velasco, and edited by Henry Oporto with the Milenio Foundation, until 2004 Bolivia maintained higher net FDI percentages than many other countries in the region. However, from 2005 onwards, net FDI experienced a declining trajectory, representing only half of the investment rate in the region, significantly reducing its contribution to growth as public investment increased.

Private investment fell from 13% of GDP in 2000 to a meager 6% in 2021, while public investment grew from 5% in 2000 to 14% in 2015, and then fell to 11% of GDP in 2021.

According to the study, after the period of high commodity prices that boosted Bolivian exports and generated a massive increase in public investment, the new economic scenario is marked by the difficulty in financing the public investment budget.

“In summary, the decreasing trend of public investment, along with the low level of private investment, determined that Gross Capital Formation decreased from 22% of GDP in 2012 to 17% in 2022. The consequence is the low growth rate of the national economy in recent years and the stagnation trend warned by several studies,” the analysis specifies.

Until 2005, net FDI experienced a considerable increase, with a peak in 1998. However, from 2005 onwards, with the change in economic policy, disinvestment and negative net FDI values were recorded. In fact, in 2019, gross investment reached $560 million, but disinvestment was $720 million, with a negative balance of $160 million, according to the study.

A similar situation occurred in 2020 due to the impact of the pandemic. According to ECLAC, in 2022 Bolivia recorded negative FDI inflows of -$26 million, dragged by disinvestments in hydrocarbons of $307 million.

The Milenio study notes that FDI accelerated when commodity prices reached unprecedented levels. The data shows that most of the FDI in Bolivia comes from reinvested profits, to a lesser extent from intercompany loans, while capital contributions are minimal.

It argues that Bolivia is a marginal country in attracting foreign investment in Latin America; public investment, which from 2005-2019 represented 66% of total investment, has lost strength as a growth lever due to lack of financing; and private investment, which in 2000 represented 13% of GDP, fell to just 6% in 2021.

Bolivia with Potential

Despite everything, the Milenio study argues that Bolivia has the potential to attract external investments. It can produce food, minerals, energy, digital services, and more.

According to FAO projections, the world needs to increase food supply by at least 60% by 2050 to meet the needs of the global population. A good portion of the supply is expected to come from Latin America, which includes Bolivia due to its natural resources and favorable climatic conditions for agricultural production.

It is estimated that the current production of 20 million metric tons of food can be expanded to 30 million by 2030, nearly quadrupling Bolivia’s export capacity (currently three million metric tons annually); the value of agro-food exports would reach about $4 billion annually, only in soybeans and derivatives, by the end of this decade.

The national territory has attractive geological potential in both traditional and non-traditional minerals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, rare earths, and many others with growing demand in the technological and digital industries and for the energy transition.

In the case of hydrocarbons, the only thing that can save the industry is a massive influx of investments in exploration and development of new fields, and an urgent change in sectoral policy is needed to make foreign capital attraction viable.

FDI in electric vehicles presents unprecedented opportunities due to the world’s shift towards electric mobility.

Bolivia can also have nearshoring opportunities, which is the business strategy of outsourcing activities or services to suppliers in nearby countries.

To attract investment to the country, the draft law proposes a series of incentives; for example, investors could benefit from a 50% reduction in the Corporate Income Tax rate and a 100% exemption from the Transaction Tax rate, established by the special tax law, if they prove minimum, net, effective, and constant capital investments equivalent to five million dollars, as established in the investment contract.

Companies legally registered in a national private investment registry would be exempt from paying 50% of the rate of any tax established on the remittance of national source profits to foreign accounts.

It also details that they would be exempt from customs duties, on the one hand, import and replenishment duties on raw materials, machinery, equipment, and work tools for the start and maintenance of operations, as established in the respective investment contract.

Bolivian in Argentina: “We propose creating a virtual wallet”

“Here, everything related to remittances is handled with two exchange rates, the official dollar and the blue (illegal) dollar with which speculation occurs. Remittances are handled with the blue dollar; in that sense, everything that can be sent to Bolivia must be quoted with the illegal dollar because that is how companies like Western Union operate. We have proposed to the authorities to create a virtual wallet, a virtual banking entity so that we can make the transaction directly with the official exchange rate, but there is no response. Everything changed with Mauricio Macri, until 2015 we had the best salary in Latin America, $400 as the minimum wage. Then it fell to $150, and it remains so, making it impossible to send remittances,” said Iván León, a Bolivian in Argentina.

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