Lack of Institutionalism | Falta de institucionalidad

Carlos Toranzo Roca, Brujula Digital:

We lost the War of the Pacific in 1879 because Bolivia had a weak state that did not have a presence throughout its territory, feeble institutions; whereas Chile had developed a vigorous state with stronger institutions than those in Bolivia. Scholars of Bolivian reality affirm that there has never been a state with developed and, above all, credible institutions. They simultaneously hypothesize that historically our country had more civil society than state, which is perhaps why the strongest institution is politics on the streets; the achievement of demands does not come through institutions but through strikes, blockades, dynamite blasts, crucifixions.

In line with neoinstitutionalism, we understand institutions as habits or customs, which may be enshrined in laws or only exist as behaviors and social customs. Precisely for this reason, we say that street politics is the stellar institution of the country, possessing more strength and intensity than the Judiciary or the Legislature. People, the masses in the streets, have learned to agitate their demands against the state and wrest concessions from it; it is on the streets where governments have been overturned or others installed.

In a country where citizenship is weak, where the task of building the citizen is incomplete, it is natural that the masses, social movements, and corporatism, marching in the streets, blocking, crucifying, or going on hunger strikes “to the bitter end,” achieve their demands.

But that protesting mass is only aware of its rights and not its obligations, which expresses the absence of citizenship. The masses in their mobilizations may have had, at times, democratic content when they marched against military dictatorships, but not always has the behavior of the mass been progressive or democratic; many times it has mobilized with conservative, authoritarian codes. The masses that accompanied the lynching of Villarroel were closer to the conservative codes of the oligarchies than to advanced ideas of democracy. The masses mobilized by the MAS to maintain that there was electoral fraud in 2019, when former President Evo Morales resigned and fled the country, mobilize with conservative and authoritarian slogans.

The Revolution of 1952 did not lead to the construction of a party system, nor did it build the checks and balances necessary for any democracy. Although there were elections in 1956 and 1960, they were more of a tally than elections; although they were already won by the MNR, it committed open electoral fraud, as there was no democratic institutionalism, no electoral authority as an independent institution. Even during the first phase of the pact democracy, the electoral institution was weak and dependent on the Executive Branch, which is why the Fight Against the Gang of Four was waged and a National Electoral Court of notables was formed: they granted autonomy to the electoral authority and began the independent construction of that institution. However, during the process of change, the electoral authority undermined its institutionalism, eroded it completely, it sheltered the fraud of 2019, the same electoral authority is now a dependency of the government of Luis Arce.

The Parliament and the Judiciary during the Morales government have had a shameful obsequiousness, to the extent of recognizing the “human right” of the Big Boss to run for re-election as many times as he wished.

The same Constitutional Court that favored Morales’ candidacy in 2019 now deprives him of his “human right” to run for re-election, at the express request of the government, now of Arce. Thus, the behavior of the Judiciary is shameful, it is nothing more than an illustration of the absence of democratic institutionalism in the country. But there is more: are there autonomous General Comptroller of the State, Central Bank, and Ombudsman? Are there transparent promotion rules in the Police and Armed Forces? None of that exists. This is precisely what autocratic regimes like the one we live in aim for.

Leave a comment