Has Bolivia become a “narco-state”? | ¿Se ha convertido Bolivia en un “narcoestado”?

Rosa Muñoz, Deutsche Welle:

A police officer monitors the destruction of coca plantations in the Cochabamba region.
Un policía vigila la destrucción de plantaciones de coca en la región de Cochabamba.Imagen: David Flores/dpa/picture alliance

The political dispute between the president of Bolivia, Luis Arce, and former president Evo Morales reveals more and more public complaints about drug trafficking networks and corruption. “Where there’s smoke, there’s fire”

The fight between former president Evo Morales (2006-2019) and his former heir apparent and current president of Bolivia, Luis Arce – still co-religionists of the ruling Movement towards Socialism (MAS) – was again splashed this week with accusations of “corruption” and “protection to drug trafficking.”

The questions that remain in the air again are clear: How far do the tentacles of drug trafficking really reach in Bolivia today? What are their links with political power structures?

Coca leaf and cocaine producer

Bolivia is one of the main coca leaf producers in the world. Its cultivation, sale and individual consumption are legal in the country. However, according to data from InSight Crime, up to 40 percent is sold outside the law, as raw material for the production of cocaine.

“Bolivia was a cheap seller of cocaine base paste, which was then processed in Brazil, Peru or Colombia. But this has changed,” Bolivian political scientist Ana Soliz, a researcher at the University of the German Armed Forces in Hamburg, told DW.

The country “has become a producer of cocaine hydrochloride” (or cocaine powder), confirms criminologist Gabriela Reyes, former director of the Bolivian Observatory for Citizen Security and Fight Against Drugs. And she refers to the evidence: the number of laboratories that have been found, especially in National Parks.

According to the latest data from the United States Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), Colombia, Peru and Bolivia are, in that order, the main producers of cocaine worldwide, and They totaled an estimated production of 2,074 tons of this drug in 2021.

Country of origin and transit of criminal operations

Bolivia is also “a very attractive country for drug trafficking” due to its geographical location, explains criminologist Reyes. It borders Brazil, “one of the main cocaine consumers in Latin America”; with Peru, which produces “coca leaves much cheaper”; and with Paraguay, “an important hub”, which InSight Crime additionally points out as the first marijuana producer in South America.

Added to this list is the equally neighboring Argentina, with another of the largest internal drug markets in the region, according to InSight Crime. So Bolivia remains “a key corridor”, with “increasing importance as a country of origin and transit” of cocaine destined for European markets, in addition to the US and even Asia.

The country has consequently become a base of operations for foreign criminal organizations such as the Brazilian Comando Primeiro da Capital (PCC) and Comando Vermelho (CV), as well as other Colombian and Mexican structures, InSight Crime reports list.

“Evistas” against “arcistas”

But, beyond drug trafficking, the illegal trade in coca leaves “has a great political connotation” in the country, warns criminologist Reyes.

She refers, for example, to the frequent stigmatization as a “coca leader and, therefore, drug trafficker” of the still influential and media-friendly former president Evo Morales, one of the leaders of the coca federations of the Tropic of Cochabamba. Or the “notorious” increase in operatives of the Special Force to Fight Drug Trafficking (FELCN) precisely in that region, an “evista” bastion, in the midst of the dispute between “evistas” and “arcistas.”

“Corruption and drug trafficking are two inseparable factors in Bolivia,” says political scientist Soliz. And she remembers that, “in Bolivia, drug trafficking was always possible thanks to networks between drug exporters and public officials.” But the political dispute between Arce and Morales generates more and more public denunciations of these drug trafficking and corruption networks.

Weak security and justice forces

Where does the arrest of Maximiliano Dávila, who was national director of Intelligence and of the Special Force to Fight Drug Trafficking (FELCN) under the command of Evo Morales, as well as Police Commander in Cochabamba with Arce, point to? Or that of Omar Rojas, major of the Bolivian Police until 2014, today nicknamed “the Bolivian Pablo Escobar”?  

Or the “narco flight” with 478 kg of cocaine that landed in Spain in February? Or the touted “operation in the fight against drug trafficking in the history of Bolivia,” which dismantled 27 drug factories and destroyed seven cocaine laboratories worth almost two million dollars in May?

Evo Morales y Luis Arce.
The dispute between Evo Morales and Luis Arce has uncovered more and more allegations of corruption and drug trafficking. Imagen: Julieta Ferrario/Zuma/imago images

For Reyes, former director of the Bolivian Observatory to Fight Drugs, in 2021 Dávila was arrested “as a sign of the Government’s will to fight drug trafficking.” But, since 2022, no criminal organization has been dismantled, nor has any “big fish” linked to cocaine trafficking been arrested. Instead, the increase in seizures is celebrated, which “is not a measure of police efficiency,” but rather a greater circulation of cocaine in the market.

Neither the scandal of the so-called “narcoaudios”, nor a triple murder of uniformed men, nor the drugs landed by Bolivian pilots and aircraft in Paraguay or Spain, nor the discovery of cocaine factories and laboratories, nor more than 20 reckonings at the border They have ended in much more than raids and impunity: there is only one person from the anti-narcotics police (FELCN) imprisoned for the “drug flight” to Spain, the criminologist illustrates.

All of this demonstrates “important levels of protection” for drug trafficking networks by “weak justice,” warns Reyes. In the hands of that justice and law enforcement forces “corroded by corruption,” without the presence of other international cooperation agencies, the fight against drug trafficking in Bolivia has been left, after the US DEA was expelled by Morales in 2008. Soliz adds.

A State “co-opted by drug trafficking…” 

“Bolivia has become a narco-state,” says the Bolivian political scientist, and refers to “a transformation that began during the mandates of Evo Morales, and that has now become evident under the Government of Luis Arce.”

Criminologist Gabriela Reyes, for her part, describes an ongoing process: “Bolivia is very close to becoming a narco-state.” A State “is co-opted by drug trafficking when drug trafficking can act with impunity at all levels, and that is something that is beginning to be seen in Bolivia in a very evident way,” she acknowledges: “Drug trafficking is having power in justice, in politics, is influencing how certain decisions are made, in maintaining impunity.”

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