By Marco Mendoza, La Razon:

Wildlife: A Variety of Species at Risk of Disappearing

The lack of financial resources and, in some cases, personnel makes a more effective fight against this crime difficult

El jaguar es una de las especies más amenazadas por tráfico de especies/Senda Verde

The jaguar is one of the species most threatened by wildlife trafficking / Senda Verde

In Bolivia, the sale, capture, possession, and illegal trafficking of wildlife species are crimes punishable by up to eight years in prison under current regulations. Despite these penalties, organizations and environmentalists consider them too lenient given the serious damage caused by this illegal activity.

According to data from the General Directorate of Biodiversity and Protected Areas (DGBAP), 120 native species are illegally traded within and outside Bolivia. Many are hunted and sold in parts, such as jaguar fangs or bird feathers. Others are captured alive and sold as pets. Among the most commonly traded species are macaws, monkeys, and turtles.

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and Asociación Armonía, 478 threatened species were identified in 2024, meaning that one out of every ten known species faces the risk of extinction. Of this total, 63 are classified as Critically Endangered (CR), 145 as Endangered (EN), and 270 as Vulnerable (VU), according to a report by the Environmental News Agency (ANA).

An example of this problem occurred two weeks ago with the rescue of two newborn howler monkey infants following an operation carried out in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, in the Urubó area. The primates were being offered for sale on social media for Bs 2,800. During the operation, two wildlife traffickers were arrested.

This case reflects the cruelty of wildlife trafficking networks, since capturing the infants most likely required killing their mother. “It is almost certain that the mother was killed by those seeking to sell the babies. Unfortunately, in these cases the damage is enormous. By being sold as pets, they are deprived of their basic ecological role as seed dispersers or pest controllers. In addition, they are given inadequate diets, which can lead to premature death,” explained wildlife expert Marco Greminger.

Los casos en los que se aplica la ley contra el tráfico de vida silvestre/WCS
Cases in which the law is applied against wildlife trafficking/WCS-Jhonny Nina

THREAT

Wildlife trafficking in Bolivia affects more than 120 species, approximately 70 of which are believed to be endangered. Among the most affected are:

Jaguar (Panthera onca): Highly sought after in Asian markets. Its fangs, claws, and skins are the most trafficked parts.

Birds and primates: Macaws, parrots, and baby monkeys, such as those rescued in Santa Cruz, are captured for the illegal pet trade. They are marketed through social media, making monitoring and control more difficult.

Lizards and snakes: Plateau lizards and various snake species, including boas, are trafficked for their skins or kept as pets in captivity.

Llama sullus and viscachas: In operations carried out by the Forestry and Environmental Protection Police (Pofoma), hundreds of viscachas and llama fetuses, known as sullus, have been found illegally dried for traditional rituals and popular markets.

Gastronomy: In the Bolivian Amazon, mainly in Beni and Pando, there is illegal trade in river turtle eggs during nesting season. The eggs are offered and sold informally through social media and in some markets, where authorities carry out seizures. Despite this, the trade remains widespread nationwide.

“Many species, particularly in Beni, and even more so at a time when the economy plays an unfavorable role for our wildlife, are hunted for consumption and trade. That is where the danger of indiscriminate hunting lies, because nobody controls it. There are no checkpoints from departmental governments or municipalities to prevent predatory hunting,” Greminger explained to La Razón.

The jochi, peccary (wild pig), urina—a small deer—and the nine-banded armadillo are among the species targeted by poachers to supply bushmeat markets in some regions of the country.

“Unfortunately, many of the people who hunt these species are unaware of the risks involved. Many of these animals carry zoonotic diseases to which they are immune but which can affect humans. Indigenous people and rural communities living in forest areas understand this and know how, when, and what to hunt without affecting ecological balance. But those engaged in sport hunting or commercial hunting do not know this and shoot at anything that moves,” he said.

In Bolivia, illegal wildlife trafficking is classified as a criminal offense and is regulated by Law 1525, the Comprehensive Law for the Protection and Conservation of the Andean Condor; Law 1333, the Environmental Law; Law 300, the Mother Earth Framework Law; and Decree Law 12301, the Wildlife Law.

Prison sentences range from two to six years and can be increased to eight years when endangered species are involved. Pofoma is the institution responsible for intervening in and investigating wildlife trafficking cases in coordination with the Public Prosecutor’s Office.

However, in Pofoma’s case, the lack of resources is an obstacle to carrying out more effective operations and controls. As for the Public Prosecutor’s Office, the absence of prosecutors specialized in environmental matters hinders investigations.

Some organizations, such as WCS-Bolivia, coordinate actions with both institutions through training workshops aimed at improving conditions for combating this crime. In some cases, they also provide resources for fuel used in rescues and inspections. Nevertheless, much remains to be done.

Keeping Wild Animals as Pets Is Wildlife Trafficking

Keeping wild animals in captivity in homes as if they were pets is known as pet keeping. This practice is illegal and constitutes a form of wildlife trafficking because it promotes the possession and commercialization of species outside their natural habitat.

In Bolivia, Environmental Law 1333 prohibits the extraction, transport, and possession of wildlife without authorization. Those who engage in these practices can face prison sentences.

In addition to legal penalties, keeping wildlife as pets causes considerable harm to species. Animals lose their natural behaviors and may suffer from malnutrition, anemia, obesity, and severe stress due to inadequate diets and unsuitable living conditions. This reduces wild animal populations and disrupts ecosystem balance.

“Without a doubt, keeping wild animals as pets is wildlife trafficking. Poachers kill females that have recently given birth and take the offspring home to raise them as pets,” explained Marco Greminger.

The expert stated that when these animals grow and reach sexual maturity, their behavior changes and they may become aggressive, putting their owners, families, and surroundings at risk.

“But the animal is also in danger, because when it reaches that stage and becomes aggressive, it risks being killed,” he said.

He revealed that this is often when those raising the animals call rescuers to take responsibility for them, claiming the animals entered their homes.

“As specialists, we can tell when an animal has been raised as a pet and when it is truly wild. But we still have to rescue it, rehabilitate it, and try to return it to its natural habitat,” he said.

Today, this practice is viewed in some regions as a sign of economic status. Keeping wild animals as pets strongly fuels illegal wildlife trafficking, making it necessary to penalize those who keep these species in their homes.

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