By Fundación Milenio:

Bolivia Seeks a New Economic Direction

Milenio Report 48 describes an economy attempting to overcome years of fiscal, monetary and productive imbalances through reforms aimed at restoring stability and growth.

The Milenio Foundation’s Report on the Bolivian Economy No. 48 provides a broad diagnosis of the country’s economic situation and the challenges facing the new government. The document’s central conclusion is that Bolivia is experiencing a structural crisis marked by persistent fiscal deficits, a shortage of dollars, weakened international reserves, high inflation and a sharp economic slowdown. For the institution, the immediate challenge is to stabilize the economy without undermining its prospects for future growth.

The analysis begins with the external sector, where conditions have improved mainly because of higher international mineral prices. This has temporarily strengthened exports and eased some pressure on the external accounts. However, the report warns that declining hydrocarbon production and the persistent shortage of foreign currency remain significant risks for the Bolivian economy, whose capacity to generate dollars continues to be limited.

On fiscal policy, Milenio identifies the public deficit as the main source of macroeconomic imbalances. For several years, government spending has substantially exceeded revenues, forcing the difference to be financed through borrowing and monetary issuance. The report argues that restoring fiscal sustainability will require a gradual reduction of the deficit, rationalization of public spending and stronger institutions responsible for managing the state’s finances.

The chapter on monetary management highlights the change in direction adopted by the economic authorities. The Central Bank has begun limiting monetary financing of the fiscal deficit and adopting a more restrictive policy to contain inflationary pressures. Nevertheless, the report warns that a large volume of accumulated liquidity remains in the economy and could become a threat to exchange-rate and price stability if confidence among economic agents deteriorates.

Regarding inflation and the exchange rate, Milenio considers exchange-rate pressures one of the country’s main challenges. Although inflation is showing signs of moderation compared with the most acute phase of the crisis, the availability of dollars within the financial system remains insufficient. Stability will depend largely on the government’s ability to rebuild international reserves and restore confidence in the foreign-exchange market.

The report also pays particular attention to the financial system. According to Milenio, Bolivia is experiencing a process of disintermediation in which citizens are increasingly using banks to make payments and electronic transfers but are less willing to maintain long-term savings within the system. Economic uncertainty and existing regulations have weakened confidence, reducing the financial system’s ability to channel resources toward productive investment.

Regarding economic activity, employment and productivity, the diagnosis is troubling. Most Bolivian workers are concentrated in low-productivity sectors, while activities that generate greater value added employ only a small share of the workforce. This reality limits income growth, reduces competitiveness and makes it more difficult to generate quality formal employment.

The final chapter examines the agreement reached with the International Monetary Fund. The program provides approximately $1.9 billion in financing and could mobilize additional resources from other multilateral organizations. The proposed reforms include fiscal discipline, stronger institutions, modernization of the financial system, greater exchange-rate flexibility and measures designed to improve the environment for private investment.

The recommendations emerging from the report are clear. Bolivia needs to restore balance to its public finances, strengthen the independence of monetary policy, rebuild confidence in the financial system and ensure a more stable and transparent foreign-exchange market. Without these elements, any progress will remain vulnerable to renewed crises.

In the longer term, Milenio argues that the solution lies in building a more productive and competitive economy. It proposes promoting exports, attracting private investment, improving legal certainty, strengthening institutions and developing policies that raise productivity and the quality of employment. According to the report, only a combination of macroeconomic stability and structural reforms will allow Bolivia to overcome its current political and economic crisis and return to a sustainable path of growth and development.

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