By Iván Paredes/ Mongabay, Vision 360:

Toxic Gold: Mining Mercury Threatens More Than 160 Communities in the Beni River Basin

Mongabay Latam found that 39 communities already show high mercury levels, while another 125 face a similar risk. These findings emerged from a scientific and geographic analysis of 39 studies published over 27 years, seven of them conducted in Bolivia.

En el río Beni la minería avanza sin control. Hay pobladores que realizan una minería artesanal utilizando mercurio. Las aguas de ese afluente están contaminadas. Foto: Javier Mamani

On the Beni River, mining is advancing unchecked. Some local residents practice artisanal mining using mercury. The waters of this tributary are contaminated. Photo: Javier Mamani

Gilberto Vaca Muiba fears that the mercury flowing through his veins could end his life. That fear, however, does not alter his routine. He takes his old fishing rod, walks to the river and patiently waits for the day’s food. He is kneeling on one of the beaches of the Beni River, in the Bolivian Amazon, waiting for a fish to bite so he can take food home. It is a July afternoon in the community of Puerto Yumani, and he has just caught a small surubí, a fish that is very likely to be contaminated with mercury but that he nevertheless takes home to his table.

Puerto Yumani is one of five Indigenous communities visited by Mongabay Latam along 41 kilometers of the Beni River. The other four are Carmen Soledad and Puerto Motor, in the municipality of Rurrenabaque, in the department of Beni, and Eyiyoquibo and Buena Vista, in the municipality of San Buenaventura, in the north of the department of La Paz. All these territories, which belong to the Tacana, Leco and Ese Ejja Indigenous peoples, are exposed to mercury contamination originating in the river.

That is why they perceive the Beni in two ways: as a source of livelihood for the communities, but also as the center of all their problems.

“We eat fish every day; it is our common diet because buying meat or chicken is too expensive for us. We have our food in the rivers, but that food is contaminated and we are suffering because of it,” says Guido Alfaro, president of the Central Organization of Indigenous Peoples of La Paz (CPILAP), which represents Amazonian communities in the north of the department. “That is why we are asking them to help us, to enforce the law, which says that illegal mining is prohibited.”

In Puerto Yumani, the Tacana indigenous people eat fish every day. They go out onto the Beni River to fish and take their catch home despite knowing it is contaminated. Photo: Javier Mamani

Óscar Campanini, director of the Center for Documentation and Information of Bolivia (Cedib), says that “what has already been identified through scientific evidence is the impact mercury has on fish in the rivers of the Bolivian Amazon basin. The miner releases mercury into the river until it reaches people through the fish they eat,” the expert explains.

When residents eat contaminated meat, the expert explains, they absorb the heavy metal, which accumulates in their bodies. “The amount increases as long as the individual continues consuming the source of mercury,” he says.

To understand the magnitude of this problem, Mongabay Latam built a database containing more than 7,000 mercury samples from humans and more than 5,900 from fish, collected along the banks of three interconnected Amazonian rivers: the Madre de Dios in Peru, the Beni in Bolivia, and the Madeira in Brazil. An analysis of 39 scientific studies, seven of them conducted on the Beni and published between 1995 and 2024, revealed that residents of at least 249 Indigenous and riverside communities have been exposed to contamination over a period of 27 years. In addition, 702 more communities are at risk —125 in Bolivia alone— because they are located between illegal mining hotspots and cases involving people who tested positive for mercury exposure.

In Bolivia, researchers collected 533 samples from people in 39 communities, and all of them showed mercury levels above the limit permitted by the World Health Organization (WHO). Of the 186 fish samples collected in 17 communities in the Beni River basin, studies found that 15 species widely consumed by Indigenous and riverside communities contain mercury in their tissues.

“We know that we are contaminated by mercury, but what can we do? There is no money for this crisis, we cannot cultivate because our plots are affected by floods, that land is rotten,” says Grover Yumani, mayor of the Puerto Yumani community, who regrets living in a vicious circle that forces them to work to survive in an activity that is killing them little by little.

The residents of Puerto Yumani organized themselves to dedicate themselves to mining. The indigenous people left their crops and went to the Beni River to extract gold. Photo: Javier Mamani

Mercury used in mining, especially gold mining, can cause serious and irreversible damage to human health. According to the WHO, it attacks the central nervous system, the digestive system and the immune system, among other organs. Inhaling toxic fumes from burning amalgams and consuming fish contaminated in the form of methylmercury can cause tremors, memory loss, cognitive disorders, kidney failure and even death.

“We don’t know how mercury harms us, it was never explained to us, but there are many brothers who are vomiting, who have a fever, they have lost their appetite,” adds Guido Alfaro of the CPILAP.

What is life like for those who live with mercury and continue to accumulate the heavy metal in their bodies?

The invisible enemy of Puerto Motor
For the five Amazonian indigenous peoples of the departments of La Paz and Beni, the river is everything. It is the main provider of their food. There they fish for the surubí (Pseudoplatystoma), the shad (Prochilodus lineatus), the boga (Megaleporinus obtusidens)​, the pacú (Myleus pacu), the tucunaré (Cichla ocellaris), the dorado (Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii) and the palometa (Mylossoma aureum).

However, these fish travel kilometers from upstream carrying mercury from mining in their tissues. Heavy metal washes the banks of the river where communities such as Puerto Motor are located, where 28 families live who fear the deterioration of their health.

Edith Guzmán Marupa, corregidora or highest authority of Puerto Motor, rings the bell of the small community to call the residents. He wants them to share their experiences around the river. He takes a glass of water from the table and with a broken voice says: “We know we have mercury in our bodies, but we can’t do anything.”

Edith Guzmán and other indigenous women in Puerto Motor resign themselves and live their reality: they know that they are contaminated and ask for help. Photo: Javier Mamani

The community leader remembers the visit to her territory, a decade ago, by an organization that collected samples to verify the level of heavy metal in their bodies. “They said we had mercury,” he adds.

Fish is the main food in the daily diet in the community, they eat it “almost every day,” even though they know that it is in contact with mercury, says Edith Guzmán. We asked him if anyone assisted them after confirming the presence of the heavy metal in their bodies: “Only once—in 2019—a medical commission came to visit us, but they only gave us basic medications,” he claims.

Guzmán’s testimony coincides with that of Dora Quispe, who has lived in Puerto Motor for 20 years and says that she prays every day so that the mercury in her body does not affect her daily life or that of the children and community members. “There is nothing to do,” he says.

“We are all affected by mercury. The doctor told us that we are all with mercury, 100%. And we are like this because we consume fish. Fishing is our way of life, here we are all fishermen. We sell a part of what we catch and we eat the balance. If we stop fishing we could die of hunger, we will not have money for anything,” says Quispe.

Children in Puerto Motor consume contaminated water. They are also affected by the pollution of the Beni River. Photo: Javier Mamani

Both residents live stalked by statistics. Nine out of ten indigenous women of the Bolivian Amazon, of childbearing age, have concentrations higher than safe limits. This is one of the findings of a study carried out in 2023 by scientists from the University of Cartagena in Colombia, the Institute of Diagnostic Laboratory Services and Health Research (Seladis) of the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) in La Paz and the Documentation and Information Center of Bolivia (Cedib). The samples were taken from 119 women living in communities near the Beni, Mamoré and Madre de Dios basins.

According to the WHO, the acceptable level of mercury in the human body is 2.0 mg/kg  (milligrams per kilogram). However, another study, published in 2012, analyzed a more complete picture and established that the levels in the Beni River basin—where Puerto Motor is located and where Edith Guzmán and Dora Quispe live—exceed, in some cases, 19 mg/kg.

Eyiyoquibo: living with your back to the mercury
The ese ejjas are an indigenous population of recent contact, concentrated in the Eyiyoquibo community, which around 80 years ago emerged from the isolation in which it lived.

In this territory the days pass slowly and a calm invades them that leaves no room for worries like that of the mercury. It is a topic that is not talked about because it is not among their priorities. Their attention is focused on other problems that feel closer to them, such as floods, lack of land to cultivate, drought or the absence of resources to live.

Rosa Juse is one of the elderly women of Eyiyoquibo and tells us that she is not contaminated, or at least that is what she wants to believe. He collects the firewood and places it in a rustic stove in the dirt patio of his precarious home. Light the fire and immediately start cooking. While preparing a fish soup, her grandson, Manuel Noza, says in a low tone to prevent his grandmother from hearing, that she is intoxicated.

Rosa Juse lives her reality in Eyiyoquibo. She refuses to believe that she is contaminated with mercury, but her relatives say she is one of those affected. Photo: Javier Mamani

For Manuel, the symptoms don’t lie. He notices it in his grandmother’s tired walk, in the headaches and stomach problems she suffers. Doña Rosa hurries, pours the rice into a pot with raw water while watching the cooking of the cassava in another.

From a black bag he takes out the remains of a fish. They are parts of a tarpon, because the best of the catch went to the Rurrenabaque market or the San Buenaventura market, the closest urban towns. “We eat these parts. We boil them like soup and when there is oil we fry them,” he says in a tired voice.

Upstream are the towns of Mapiri, Tipuani, Teoponte, Mayaya and Guanay, where illegal gold mining is practiced and is contaminating Amazon waters. The currents drag the mercury through the tributaries that then flow into the Beni, and which in turn distributes these contaminated waters to the populations that live along its channel. Among them the residents of Eyiyoquibo.

For Ignacio Julio Monasterio, mayor of this community, the symptoms are evident. “Our eyesight is bad, we don’t look, that’s from eating fish. They say it’s contaminated, but there’s also a headache,” he says.

Monasterio admits that medical brigades visit his community often and bring them generic medicines, but not to treat mercury contamination. “The damage has already been done, we are bad. There are people who cannot work because of these problems, there were also pregnant women who had problems with their children,” he laments.

Samples taken in Eyiyoquibo from 47 people, according to the Mongabay Latam database, revealed that the mercury level in the residents reached 8.1 mg/kg. This is one of the populations studied most affected by pollution, since it far exceeds the level accepted by the WHO.

In Eyiyoquibo the kitchens are outdoors. They use firewood to cook the fish they catch from the Beni River every day. Photo: Javier Mamani

During the investigation, we had access to other local studies that were carried out in Eyiyoquibo, such as that of the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) in La Paz, which came to that area to take hair samples from the residents. The conclusions are similar to the study included in the Mongabay Latam database: the indigenous people of Ejja are contaminated by consuming fish with mercury.

“The area where there is the greatest gold extraction in the Beni River basin is in the upper part, but it affects the entire length of the river. Many of the indigenous peoples do not have mining in their territories, but this impact, which has been evidenced in different studies, is due to the mining that is done hundreds of kilometers away,” explains Campanini of the CEDIB.

Jorge Vásquez, an environmental toxicology expert at UMSA, adds that contamination has spread throughout all the communities in the Amazon basin that live alongside cooperative miners who use mercury to separate and extract gold from rocks and stones in the rivers. “After using it, miners dump the mercury into the rivers, contaminating the fish and disregarding local regulations that require them to recycle this toxic metal,” he laments.

In Bolivia, mercury can be purchased without any special permit, unlike in other countries in the region such as Colombia and Peru, and throughout the European Union (EU). Under the Minamata Convention, to which Bolivia is a party, the use of mercury is restricted because it is one of the ten chemicals that pose the greatest threat to public health, according to the WHO. In the country, however, a one-liter bottle of mercury can be purchased for between 2,000 and 8,000 bolivianos (between $300 and $1,100), although the price varies depending on the type of mercury and its origin.

Medical care that never arrives

About 40 families live in the Tacana Indigenous community of Carmen Soledad, and residents themselves say there are no more than 200 inhabitants. Since ancestral times, their way of life has been nomadic, moving up and down the river in small wooden boats they build themselves.

Antonio Vilca, the local authority of Carmen Soledad, concentrates on repairing one of the fishing nets he uses every day on the Beni River. It is one of his work tools. The Indigenous leader, who also works in agriculture, says fishing is easier during the dry season, although he knows that these waters carry all the waste generated by mining camps.

“We see the El Español mercury containers that reach us here. We also see dirty water, as if it were mixed with vehicle oil. We are practically the miners’ garbage dump,” Vilca laments. His brother, Freddy, says that 20 years ago they could drink water from the Beni River, but now it is impossible. “The water is dirty, it is contaminated, but we still eat fish,” he laments.

In Carmen Soledad the community organized to acquire filters to purify the water. That decision was made after verifying that the waters of the Beni River are contaminated. Photo: Javier Mamani

The health center of San Buenaventura, the closest urban area, has a modern building and there are staff working 24 hours a day. However, no indigenous residents have come to this public hospital to seek treatment for any problem of mercury poisoning, according to Mario Chacón, the municipal health official. Even so, the doctor recognizes that both the waters and the fish of the Beni River are contaminated. In fact, it mentions that, in 2021, specialists detected the problem of mercury poisoning in Eyiyoquibo and other communities.

“We don’t know a treatment for these cases, we can only give generic medications, but the diet [of the indigenous people] is also poor. They eat rice, fish and eggs, that is their life. We cannot recommend it to them because it is their way of life: they fish, sell and eat, they do that daily,” highlights Chacón. “We rarely eat fish, they do it daily. That affects them.”

History repeats itself at the Rurrenabaque hospital. The indigenous inhabitants do not go to that medical center to receive treatment. That is why there are medical brigades that visit the communities that are on the banks of the Beni River, according to the municipal director of Health, Marco Lozano.

The doctor assures that they currently cannot attribute specific diseases to mercury contamination, but that in Rurrenabaque there are related health problems, such as childhood cerebral palsy, seizures and other conditions.

“We would like studies to determine if the accumulation of heavy metals in the body could be related to these conditions [mining pollution] or if they are due to other causes,” says Lozano.

In the community of Buena Vista, fishermen go out to the Beni River every day. They sell a good part of their catch in markets in Rurrenabaque, but the balance is for their own consumption. Photo: Javier Mamani

Ten kilometers upriver from Carmen Soledad lives Limberth Miquere, the local authority of the Buenavista community. This Tacana leader laments that most residents of his community suffer from “some pains caused by mining” and are unaware that the fish they eat every day contain very high levels of mercury. Like the residents of the other communities visited, he finds no solution to the problem at nearby medical facilities.

“We are tired of asking for medical help. We have to travel very far by land to receive treatment. We go to San Buenaventura, and they don’t know whether our pains are caused by contaminated fish, but obviously they are,” he complains.

According to the database compiled by Mongabay Latam, mercury was detected both in the Carmen Soledad community and in Buenavista, where samples were taken from 45 and 103 residents, respectively.

These results are consistent with an assessment conducted in 2023 by the Central Organization of Indigenous Peoples of La Paz (CPILAP). The laboratory study of 302 residents from 36 communities belonging to six Indigenous peoples —Tacana, Tsimane, Uchupiamona, Leco, Ese Ejja and Mosetén, in the Beni River basin and its tributaries— confirmed that 74.5% of those tested have mercury levels above the limits permitted by global health organizations. The rest remain continuously exposed to contamination from mining cooperatives that extract gold upriver using large dredges.

Plans on paper?

Although Bolivia is one of the 128 countries that signed the Minamata Convention, which prohibits the use of mercury, so far that commitment has not been reflected in a concrete action plan. In fact, the heavy metal continues to be used in alluvial mining, and Bolivia remains the world’s largest buyer of mercury, according to official statistics.

The mercury trade even takes place on social media. The metal is offered without any controls, but there are also streets devoted to this market, such as Tarapacá Street in the city of La Paz, where the sale of the heavy metal is the main economic activity in the area.

In mid-2025, at the beginning of this investigation, the then-current Ministry of Environment and Water told Mongabay Latam that the National Action Plan (NAP) to reduce the use of mercury in gold mining, which had been developed since 2023 by the Bolivian government and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), was in the process of being implemented.

The government agency reported that the goal is to reduce mercury use in artisanal and small-scale mining by 60% by 2031 and also promote alternative technologies for implementing gold extraction methods without mercury.

The Beni River is an aquatic highway for the indigenous peoples of the Bolivian Amazon. Their production and their inhabitants pass through there. Photo: Javier Mamani

In fact, the current Vice Minister of Environment, Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Forest Management and Development, Jorge Ávila, said that by May 2026 at the latest, the plan to reduce the use of mercury in gold mining would be adjusted and the Minamata Convention would be fully implemented.

“We are obligated to comply with that convention, and we have already instructed the Vice Ministry’s departments, especially those dealing with the mercury problem, to redirect the State’s approach,” Ávila said.

The environmental official added that although they cannot solve the problem overnight, they are willing to “act with the greatest responsibility to find a solution, first through persuasion, inviting [gold-mining cooperatives] to formalize their operations, because the vast majority of these activities are not conducted within the framework of the law. The use of mercury remains completely irregular,” he said.

Almost two months have passed since the announced deadline to adjust the NAP for mercury reduction, and that project has yet to see the light of day. In the meantime, the government of Rodrigo Paz, who was sworn in in November 2025, dissolved the Ministry of Environment and reduced it to a vice ministry. So far, this new department has not called on Indigenous peoples to participate in adjustments to the NAP, despite being the most affected by gold mining.

The Ministry of Health and Sports told Mongabay Latam that it created the “Mercury and Health Plan” to address this public health problem, covering everything from risk assessment and management among exposed populations to the reduction, elimination and management of products containing added mercury. They also explained that they had met with Indigenous leaders to coordinate medical actions in affected communities and that these measures are being implemented in coordination with subnational governments and other ministries.

“We have already made visits with medical brigades to different areas, working directly with Indigenous peoples. We take three samples: hair, urine and blood, because we want to know what is happening and understand what they are eating and how they are feeling. Then we return because we want to provide feedback to the population so they know what they need to do and what treatment they should follow,” former Health Minister María Renée Castro told Mongabay Latam.

Indigenous populations are forced to put aside their concerns about mercury contamination in the Beni River. Many are dedicated to crafts and sell their products in the Rurrenabaque market. Photo: Javier Mamani

The then authority of the health sector explained that these brigades arrived at the Beni River and that the results were not optimal. He admitted that the indigenous inhabitants have a certain degree of contamination, but did not provide official results, which must be presented by the new authorities of the Ministry of Health and Sports, but to date they have not provided any information.

Meanwhile, Hermenegildo Leal, mayor of Buena Vista, tours his community on foot until he reaches a path with a natural descent. It is a small passage that leads to the Beni River. There are two fishermen waiting for their reward. Leal yells at them: “Did you catch something?” They respond with “no.” “There is not much fish around here, the little that is caught is for our consumption, and that little fish is contaminated,” he says. Life in the indigenous communities settled on the banks of the Beni continues the same, the pollution is the same and so is the inaction of the Bolivian State.

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