By Yenny Escalante, Mongabay; Brújula Digital:

The first impacts of the lack of rainfall, attributed to the El Niño climate phenomenon now emerging in Bolivia, are being felt mainly in agriculture and livestock production.

A woman tends her livestock on drought-stricken land in the Altiplano.

As of August 24, 26 municipalities across Bolivia had declared a state of emergency or red alert due to extreme drought, affecting six of the country’s nine departments. The most critical situation is in the Altiplano region, while the Amazon and Chaco are still experiencing moderate dryness, although forecasts point to a severe season of wildfires and scarce rainfall.

Experts attribute these conditions to the arrival of El Niño, the climate phenomenon associated with warming Pacific Ocean temperatures. The first effects of the rainfall deficit, still in its early stages in Bolivia, are already impacting crops and livestock.

Oruro is the department most affected by water shortages, with 17 municipalities under emergency status because of severe to extreme drought, according to Bolivia’s Drought Monitor, operated by the National Meteorology and Hydrology Service (Senamhi). Other affected municipalities are located in La Paz, Potosí, and Chuquisaca. In parts of the Amazon, drought conditions remain moderate for now, but forecasts indicate worsening conditions. The same outlook applies to the Chaco region.

According to Senamhi’s July 2026 assessment, the most complex situation is in the Altiplano, where nearly the entire region is experiencing water deficits, ranging from mild and moderate drought to multiple severe drought hotspots.

Jorge Molina, professor and researcher at the Hydraulics and Hydrology Institute of the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) and a specialist in hydroclimatic variability and climate change, told Mongabay Latam that droughts across different regions are linked to El Niño. He warned that Bolivia faces a critical scenario, with potentially catastrophic drought levels in Potosí and a high risk of forest fires in the Amazon.

“The problem in Potosí is that this is where the strongest droughts occur, potentially reaching catastrophic levels. In the Amazonian lowlands, drought is uncommon during December, January, and February—the core rainy season—but it can occur beforehand, in September, October, and November,” Molina explained.

He added that the combination of drought and high temperatures during those months creates ideal conditions for wildfires, particularly in the Amazon.

According to Senamhi, Bolivia will feel the impact of a “very strong” El Niño during the final quarter of the year, bringing higher temperatures nationwide, limited rainfall, and drought conditions in the western regions, especially the Altiplano and valleys. In contrast, eastern Bolivia may experience torrential rains and flooding.

Wildfires and Drought

Bolivia has already begun to burn. Fires are consuming forested areas in the Chiquitania and Chaco and threaten to spread into the Amazon. The country is undergoing one of the most complex climate transitions in its recent history, and indigenous and rural communities are already feeling the effects of drought, according to the Center for Research and Promotion of the Peasantry (Cipca).

Jean Carla Rivero, from Cipca’s Northern Amazon regional office, told Mongabay Latam that farmers in the valleys and Altiplano are witnessing deep cracks opening in the soil, water sources shrinking dramatically, and crops being lost because of water shortages.

Rivero noted that Bolivia is entering a drought phase. Regions including the Altiplano, valleys, Yungas-Chapare, Chiquitania, and parts of the Amazon now have “extremely dry” soils, meaning soil moisture is far below normal levels. As a result, vegetation, trees, shrubs, and grasslands contain very little water.

“In the Amazon, communities face an equally critical reality. Rivers that threatened to overflow during the rainy season are now experiencing hydrological drought. Pando, Beni, and northern La Paz are witnessing drought and humidity alternating so rapidly that ecosystems have little time to recover,” Rivero said.

Senamhi’s forecast for August and September is alarming. The agency projects zero millimeters of rainfall in critical regions and maximum temperatures reaching 36°C (97°F). Relative humidity could fall to 30% in the valleys of Tarija, while northwestern winds may exceed 30 kilometers per hour in the Integrated North region of Santa Cruz.

Óscar Paz Rada, emeritus researcher at UMSA’s Institute of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering and a specialist in climate change and resilience, warned that El Niño is occurring in a significantly warmer climate than during past events. The last 11 years have been the warmest on record, increasing the severity of droughts across the country.

He also highlighted another challenge: glaciers, which historically served as strategic water reserves during El Niño-related droughts, have been shrinking for decades. Their decline reduces the country’s ability to buffer water shortages and maintain resilience.

Meanwhile, Mónica Guzmán Rojo, a hydrogeologist and researcher at the Bolivian Catholic University (UCB) in Santa Cruz, explained that drought lowers soil and vegetation moisture while drying out organic matter that serves as natural fuel for fires.

“Therefore, although ignition is often caused by human activities—as is common in much of the Chiquitania—drought conditions allow a fire to spread more easily and reach greater intensity,” she said.

A Feedback Loop

Guzmán Rojo added that drought and fire can create a dangerous feedback cycle.

“In a study we published on wildfires and groundwater recharge, we found that after a fire, reduced soil moisture can encourage future fires by further drying organic fuels. In other words, drought creates conditions favorable for fire, but fires themselves can later degrade hydrological conditions and increase future vulnerability,” she explained.

In a study conducted in the municipality of San José de Chiquitos, Santa Cruz Department, researchers estimated that a severe wildfire could reduce groundwater recharge by approximately 39.5% during the first year after the event.

“This does not mean that all fires produce that reduction, but it demonstrates that in areas already exposed to water scarcity, severe fires can deepen water vulnerability,” Guzmán Rojo said.

In San José de Chiquitos, municipal authorities have already deployed water trucks to supply drinking water after pressure in the local distribution system dropped. Officials attributed the shortage to reduced well output caused by drought and said water deliveries will continue while infrastructure projects aimed at increasing potable water supplies are completed.

Similar situations are occurring in municipalities across Oruro, Chuquisaca, Potosí, and La Paz. In Chuquisaca alone, nine municipalities are transporting water by tanker trucks to serve residents. According to the Association of Autonomous Municipal Governments of Chuquisaca (Agamdech), around 40,000 families have been affected.

Vice Minister of Water Resources, Irrigation, Drinking Water, and Basic Sanitation Viviana Mariscal stated that the government of Rodrigo Paz is working to establish a national agenda for drought management and water resilience. The initiative seeks to coordinate efforts among all levels of government to address drought, wildfires, and, in some regions, flooding.

“We need to build on experience and avoid working in isolation. Strengthening coordination among institutions is essential. We must not focus only on emergencies; we need stronger monitoring systems, early-warning mechanisms, and the capacity to take timely action,” Mariscal said.

BD/Red

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