By Windsor Hernani, El Deber:

After nine months without ambassadorial appointments, Bolivia’s executive branch has finally proposed two candidates: José Luis Lupo as representative to the Organization of American States (OAS) and Luis Fernando Camacho as ambassador to Paraguay.

Both appeared before the Senate’s International Policy Committee. Upon leaving, they declined to speak to the press, arguing that the session was confidential.

The episode raises a broader question that goes beyond the two nominees: is it reasonable, logical, and prudent to approve ambassadors through a closed-door process?

In the cases of Lupo and Camacho, both are public figures with well-known careers. Society therefore has enough information to judge whether their nominations and eventual approval are appropriate.

But what would happen if a candidate with little or no public profile were evaluated entirely behind closed doors? Citizens would have no way of knowing the person’s education, experience, qualifications, or suitability for the position of ambassador. In simple terms, it would amount to appointing a complete unknown.

This is no minor matter. Serving as an ambassador is one of the highest honors and responsibilities a citizen can assume. Ambassadors represent Bolivia and defend its national interests abroad.

For that reason, the presidential nomination and the Senate’s role in approving it should not be viewed as a mere bureaucratic formality. The Constitution assigns a responsibility of political oversight and, above all, of verifying the qualifications and experience of those who will represent the State.

In this context, Senate participation loses meaning if it merely ratifies the executive’s decision. Approval is one power; rejection is another. Exercising either responsibly requires a genuine assessment of the candidate’s suitability.

Historically, however, this mandate has often become a mechanical procedure. A name arrives, the candidate appears in a closed session, a report is drafted, and the full Senate raises its hands in approval. As a result, Bolivia has had ambassadors of every conceivable type.

One exceptional rejection occurred in 2008, when the Senate turned down a nominee for Bolivia’s mission to the United Nations.

The Senate’s regulations establish that the real examination should take place within the International Policy Committee. Once the presidential nomination is received, committee members are tasked with reviewing the candidate’s background, verifying compliance with legal requirements, assessing qualifications and experience, learning about the objectives of the proposed mission, and ultimately issuing a recommendation either to approve or reject the nomination.

This is where an important legal issue arises. Senate rules explicitly state that the final decision by the full chamber must be taken in a closed session and by secret ballot. However, Article 169 does not expressly require the candidate’s appearance before the committee to be confidential as well. Therefore, it is not legally correct to automatically extend the secrecy of the Senate floor to the committee proceedings.

The candidate’s evaluation should be public. In the interest of transparency, society should be able to learn about the candidate’s career, education, experience, and, most importantly, the reasoning behind the committee’s recommendation that the person is—or is not—qualified to represent the country.

The situation is different when it comes to the specific contents of a diplomatic mission plan. Candidates are required to explain their diplomatic, commercial, and political objectives. Certain aspects may involve sensitive information, proposed state positions, or matters whose disclosure could harm national interests. Those elements may legitimately justify a closed session.

The solution, therefore, is not to eliminate confidentiality altogether, but to define its limits. Confidentiality should apply only to matters that genuinely require protection, rather than becoming a general rule that prevents citizens from understanding how candidates are evaluated.

Several countries already employ procedures that combine transparency with confidentiality. In the United States, for example, nominees appear before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in public hearings.

Ultimately, the goal is to evaluate candidates through a public process that provides society with sufficient information not only about the professional quality of those being sent abroad, but also about the quality of the evaluation itself.

Supporters of closed Senate voting argue that secrecy protects legislators from external pressure and allows them to vote freely. That argument is weak and unconvincing.

The Senate’s responsibility extends beyond simply raising a hand to approve nominations. Its own rules require it to verify qualifications and experience and to understand the goals of each mission. That mandate should translate into a genuine examination of suitability.

Bolivia needs less political discretion and more evaluation; less unnecessary secrecy and more transparency; and confidentiality only where the interests of the State truly require it.

Diplomacy demands discretion. Democracy demands transparency. The challenge is knowing where one ends and the other begins.

Windsor Hernani Limarino is a diplomat, economist, and university professor.

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