Relations between Bolivia and the Vatican: An Approach to Their “Prehistory” | Relaciones entre Bolivia y el Vaticano: Una aproximación a su «prehistoria»

By Francesco Zaratti:

A chance encounter with the Apostolic Nuncio in Bolivia allowed me to learn a revealing fact: in 2027, Bolivia and the Holy See will mark the 150th anniversary of their “uninterrupted” relations.

Curious to understand the evolution of this relationship since the founding of the Republic, and suspecting that its continuity concealed a more complex story, I undertook a research project that has enabled me to outline the main stages of this relationship. The first period, which I have called its “prehistory,” extends from 1825 to 1877.

The independence of the Spanish American territories found the Catholic Church deeply bound to the Spanish Crown and, consequently, wary of the emancipation movements, apart from those members of the clergy who, in a personal capacity, joined the struggle for independence. Once the new states had been consolidated, although their constitutions — beginning with the 1826 Constitution drafted by Bolívar — recognized Catholicism as the official religion, two Gordian knots emerged: the right claimed by republican governments to appoint bishops (in continuity with the former “Royal Patronage”) and the dispute over the degree of autonomy and interference the Church should have in public life, particularly in matters of jurisdiction and education. The Patronage, which justified its authority on the grounds of state funding for religious worship and the clergy, demanded in return the power to make ecclesiastical appointments.

Faced with this situation, the Vatican responded by sending papal delegates who operated from historic viceregal centers such as Lima and Buenos Aires, with the aim of easing tensions and guiding the political transition.

In Bolivia, Antonio José de Sucre’s initial hostility toward the Church — manifested in the confiscation of Church property — was followed by a more conciliatory attitude during the administrations of Andrés de Santa Cruz and Manuel Isidoro Belzu. Indeed, at the initiative of the Executive, on June 27, 1851, Our Lady of Mount Carmel was proclaimed patroness of Bolivia. That same year, a Concordat was signed in Rome by Cardinal Antonelli and Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz. Although it was approved by the National Convention, its ratification was made conditional upon the resolution of constitutional disagreements and, consequently, it never entered into force. The pragmatic solution proposed by the Concordat regarding the Patronage was as follows: Congress would draw up a shortlist of three candidates, from which the President would present a candidate to the Pope, who would ultimately appoint the prelate. It should be noted that, even without a concordat, this practice continued in fact during various periods until it was definitively abolished by the 1961 Constitution.

Because of the political instability of the Papal States, between 1869 and 1877 there was considerable discontinuity in the Holy See’s delegations in the region. The situation changed radically in 1877, following the First Vatican Council (1869–1870) and the loss of the Pope’s temporal power (1870), events that marked a qualitative leap in Vatican diplomacy.

On August 6, 1877, the Pope appointed Monsignor Mario Mocenni Apostolic Delegate to Bolivia, with his seat in Lima. Strictly speaking, this was not a full diplomatic representation — such as the present-day Apostolic Nunciature — but rather a specific delegation tasked with dealing with matters of common interest; a sort of “chargé d’affaires” resident in Peru, for whom there is no record of permanent visits to Bolivia.

In conclusion, as we look ahead to the sesquicentennial that will be celebrated in 2027, it is historically accurate to identify 1877 as the turning point marking the beginning of formal bilateral relations between Bolivia and the Vatican.

https://fzaratti.blog/en/2026/08/12/relations-between-bolivia-and-the-vatican-an-approach-to-their-prehistory/

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