By Brújula Digital:

The Chronic Fuel Problem in Bolivia: Variables, Factors, and Possible Solutions

With the help of two specialists, a detailed multi-level framework was developed to help illustrate the scale of the gasoline and diesel shortage crisis.

A long line of vehicles at a fuel station stretches along the La Paz–El Alto highway / APG archive

Beyond the 53 days of road blockades, could the fuel problem be the national government’s main Achilles’ heel? While the conflicts of May and June generated a severe economic and social crisis whose effects are still being felt, the ongoing gasoline and diesel shortages—and the various consequences and scenarios stemming from them—have been a constant throughout the first nine months of the administration.

Based on a compilation of events and news related to the sector in recent months, and with the analysis and opinions of two renowned specialists—Francesco Zaratti and Álvaro Ríos—Brújula Digital prepared the following framework, which seeks to reflect the different components, levels, causes, and effects of this issue.

Schematic Summary of the Fuel Problem

Causes and Origins: Declining crude oil production (caused by limited exploration) forces Bolivia to import a large share of the diesel and gasoline it requires.

Underlying Problems: The State is facing a significant economic crisis marked, among other factors, by a shortage of foreign currency reserves. A large portion of available U.S. dollars is spent on fuel imports.

Key Factor: Until December of last year, fuel prices were heavily subsidized by the State. The subsidy has been reduced, but not eliminated.

Secondary and Derived Problems: The subsidy has generated—and still generates, though to a lesser extent—two serious issues:

  • Speculation and excess demand (domestic black market)
  • Fuel smuggling to neighboring countries

Current Scenario

  • There is a chronic fuel shortage, and total demand cannot be met due to the lack of dollars.
  • Major damage is being caused to key sectors:
    • Transportation
    • Agriculture (which requires large volumes of diesel)
    • To a lesser extent, mining and other industries

As a result, social unrest remains constant, including protests, road blockades, and threats of further mobilizations.

Parallel Crises

  • Poor-quality gasoline
  • Large-scale corruption within YPFB

Government Measures
So far, the government has implemented one main measure: a partial reduction of fuel subsidies.

Since last December:

  • Gasoline price: Bs 6.96 per liter
  • Diesel price: Bs 9.80 per liter

Previously, for nearly two decades:

  • Gasoline: Bs 3.74 per liter
  • Diesel: Bs 3.72 per liter

And the Solutions?

Given this reality, Francesco Zaratti and Álvaro Ríos propose what they consider the only definitive solution—that is, a structural, long-term one: the complete elimination of fuel subsidies.

They also agree on a second key need: a new hydrocarbons law.

Zaratti

  • “The subsidy needs to be eliminated completely, while compensating the most vulnerable sectors.”
  • “A new hydrocarbons law is urgently needed, or at least a modification of the tax framework.”

Ríos

  • “The subsidy must be fully removed sooner or later, whatever the cost, because fuel prices still are not aligned with international market prices.”
  • “An effective hydrocarbons law is needed to attract investment into the country.”
  • “YPFB needs a thorough restructuring.”

The Root Problem

Beyond potential solutions, the experts helped build the broader picture of Bolivia’s fuel challenge.

Zaratti

  • “The main problem is the lack of foreign currency to import sufficient quantities of fuel.”
  • “Private-sector imports have not succeeded because there is no exchange-rate stability. And that instability is itself a consequence of insufficient foreign currency reserves.”

Ríos

  • “Bolivia’s structural problem is that hydrocarbon production has been declining rapidly since 2015.”
  • “We are already importing around 90%–95% of diesel and about 70%–75% of gasoline.”
  • Because so much fuel must be imported, “the country has run short of dollars.”

Future Outlook

Both specialists agree that temporary measures may buy time, but only at the cost of worsening the underlying problem.

Zaratti

“We are wasting time by not taking action. Oil and gas production keeps declining, fields are being depleted, and export revenues continue to fall. I have read that Bolivia currently receives more money each month from remittances sent by Bolivians abroad than from gas exports to Brazil. That says it all.”

Ríos

“We have to finish removing the subsidy sooner or later, whatever the cost. Although such a measure could bring down Rodrigo Paz’s government—and perhaps the next one as well.”BD/MZS

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