Bananas Beyond Coca | Bananas Más Allá de la Coca

By Ernesto Estremadoiro, El Deber:

The Other Side of Chapare: 30,000 Families Export Bananas and Generate Foreign Currency

La otra cara del Chapare: 30.000 familias exportan banana y generan divisas

Each bunch begins a journey that will end in international markets. In Chimoré, the banana harvest supports thousands of families. Photo: Juan Carlos Torrejón.

While Bolivia’s Tropical Region (Chapare) continues to be associated with coca, thousands of producers sustain an agro-export chain that supplies Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile. The sector generates thousands of jobs but faces road blockades, lack of financing, and limited government support

The first banana bunch drops onto the harvester’s shoulders while the morning humidity still covers the plantation leaves. A few meters away, another group carefully selects fruit that will travel more than 2,000 kilometers, from Chimoré to supermarkets in Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile. The activity never stops. Every bunch must undergo an almost surgical protocol before leaving the Tropics of Cochabamba. In this industry, there is no room for improvisation.

Yet this everyday scene remains overshadowed by the image that has defined the region for decades: coca.

Chapare carries a stigma that obscures another reality. Far from political debates and headlines associated with drug trafficking, more than 30,000 families have built, with pride, a legal economy that exports products, earns foreign currency, and supports thousands of jobs. Bananas have become one of the region’s most important calling cards and, according to producers and specialists, their true potential is only beginning to emerge.

An Industry Growing Quietly

La otra cara del Chapare: 30.000 familias exportan banana y generan divisas

The production process follows strict quality standards. Photo: Juan Carlos Torrejón.

The Association of Banana Producers (Asproban) lies at the root of this story. It began in 1990, when a group of farmers decided to invest in a crop that at the time seemed only a modest alternative. More than three decades later, that effort led to the creation of Expaca, an export company currently made up of 22 producers cultivating about 130 hectares and shipping fruit every week to Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile.

[Opinion from Bolivian Thoughts: The first banana export was sent to a supermarket in Chile. The Alternative Development Program discovered that a truck arriving from Chile brought tires into Bolivia and then returned empty. That unused cargo space presented an export opportunity. With financing and technical assistance from USAID for local farmers, the first shipment was organized. The buyer requested boxes of a specific size and a weight of 22 kilograms each. After more than 48 hours of nonstop work, the shipment was dispatched. Upon arrival at the buyer’s warehouse, two boxes were found to contain leaves and mud inserted simply to reach the required weight. The incident revealed the inexperience with which those farmers initially handled exports of fresh produce. They had added mud and leaves as though nothing were wrong. Looking back on those early days, it is fair to say that bananas became the flagship success of USAID’s support efforts in the region. The fight against drug trafficking began there.]

However, Expaca represents only part of a much larger industry. According to Javier Vilcaez, president of both Asproban and Expaca, approximately 30,000 families depend on the banana production chain in the Tropics of Cochabamba.

“We need people to understand that the Tropics are not only coca,” he says.

According to the producer, that perception limits recognition of an industry that has spent years opening international markets by complying with strict quality standards.

“The main force behind banana exports is in the Tropics. We bring foreign currency into the country,” he summarizes.

At a time when Bolivia faces a severe shortage of U.S. dollars, exports have taken on strategic importance. Every container crossing the border represents fresh foreign currency entering the national economy, a contribution that producers believe is not sufficiently valued in public policy.

Yet the sector remains far from reaching its productive ceiling.

La otra cara del Chapare: 30.000 familias exportan banana y generan divisas

Bananas from the Tropics go through a rigorous harvesting and selection process. Photo: Juan Carlos Torrejón.

Vilcaez argues that the main barrier is not a lack of land or suitable climate conditions, but insufficient financing. With adequate credit and incentive programs, he says, cultivated areas could expand significantly, increasing export volumes as well.

This view is shared by Ecuadorian agronomist José Fernando Espinosa, who has spent years working in one of the world’s most developed banana industries.

His assessment is blunt: Bolivia’s problem is not fruit quality.

“Bolivia has the same quality as Ecuador,” he says.

He goes even further:

“We have better bananas, even sweeter than Ecuador’s.”

The difference lies in the environment surrounding producers. While Ecuador transformed bananas into one of the pillars of its export economy—with annual exports ranging from $2.5 billion to $2.8 billion—Bolivia faces obstacles that restrict growth.

Among them are limited government support, difficulties accessing financing, high logistics costs, road blockades, and the small number of international markets open to Bolivian bananas.

Even so, Espinosa believes the potential is enormous.

He notes that Ecuador has approximately 200,000 hectares devoted to banana production, while Bolivia currently has about 7,000 hectares.

If the country succeeds in strengthening support policies and opening new export destinations, particularly in Europe and Russia, production could potentially triple.

“If that happens, the country could easily reach the same number of hectares as Ecuador,” he said.

Employment

La otra cara del Chapare: 30.000 familias exportan banana y generan divisas

Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay are the main markets for Bolivian bananas. Photo: Juan Carlos Torrejón.

The economic impact of bananas extends well beyond the farms themselves.

According to producer Néstor Chura, nearly 18,000 families depend directly on banana cultivation, while approximately 17,000 producers participate in the industry.

Employment does not stop at the plantations.

Each hectare requires permanent labor for maintenance, fertilization, pest and disease control, and harvesting.

In addition, the industry employs day laborers, packing-house workers, transport operators, graders, exporters, logistics personnel, and traders.

For example, a single 1,000-hectare banana plantation can generate around 800 direct jobs and more than 1,500 jobs across the entire production chain, from the field to export operations.

Harvesting Process

The journey of a banana bunch does not end when it is cut. The process is highly industrialized.

Every fruit undergoes a rigorous inspection before being approved for export.

Technicians verify that the fruit has a minimum grade caliber of 39 and a minimum length of 19 centimeters. They even inspect the maturity of the pulp and reject any fruit showing bruises, scratches, or cosmetic defects.

Only then does the post-harvest stage begin.

The bunches are separated into clusters, classified again, treated with products authorized by Bolivia’s National Service for Agricultural Health and Food Safety (Senasag), and carefully packed.

Each container carries 1,000 boxes, equivalent to roughly 22 metric tons of bananas.

During international transport, the fruit travels refrigerated at 13°C (55°F) to preserve quality until reaching markets in Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile.

The Obstacles

Although global demand exists, growth faces challenges beyond producers’ control.

Road blockades are among the most serious threats.

Vilcaez estimates that recent disruptions caused losses of between $6 million and $8 million due to breached contracts, logistical delays, and fruit that never reached its destination.

For a perishable product, every day of road closures represents losses that are difficult to recover. According to producers, losing a bunch because of blockades is equivalent to losing an entire year of work.

Néstor Chura points to additional factors.

Flooding and overflowing rivers periodically damage plantations, while fuel shortages complicate both agricultural operations and transportation to export centers.

“Road blockades have harmed us considerably,” he says.

These challenges are compounded by deteriorating road infrastructure and the lack of new trade routes that could reduce dependence on only a handful of markets.

Ecuador’s experience demonstrates that bananas can become a major engine of economic growth.

While Ecuador earns billions of dollars every year from this product, Bolivia is still utilizing only a fraction of its potential.

The real challenge is to transform that potential into a development policy capable of multiplying production, creating more jobs, and increasing foreign-currency earnings for a country that urgently needs them.

Because while the world continues to associate Bolivia’s Tropical Region with coca leaves, another story is unfolding in the banana plantations of Chimoré: the story of a quiet industry striving to become one of the leading forces in Bolivia’s export future.

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