Lies About the Indians: The Inca Empire | Mentiras sobre los indios: el incario

By Juan Jose Toro, Brujula Digital:

We have already established that Spain did not have colonies in America, but rather viceroyalties. That truth is as undeniable as the fact that the viceregal authorities committed abuses against the Indians.

Although it may sound redundant, the first Spanish governmental entities in the Americas were the governorships. These were the first to define relations with the indigenous peoples. In the case of the Governorship of New Castile, it was granted to Francisco Pizarro, who managed to take control of most of the Tawantinsuyu through alliances with the mallkus and caciques of nations that disagreed with Inca rule.

These alliances were established on the basis of respect for the rights of the mallkus and caciques, who were initially allowed to retain possession of their lands and to maintain groups of Indians who remained subject to tributary obligations.

However, as the years passed, Spanish rulers disregarded these agreements and began seizing lands and imposing additional obligations, such as the mita labor system.

Within this context, it was only natural that descendants of the Inca nobility would long for the Inca regime and consider the possibility of its restoration. What followed was a transformation of historical memory: the mistakes of the Inca Empire were forgotten, while its positive aspects were idealized. In particular, the supposed moral character of the Tawantinsuyu, based on the trilogy of ama swa (do not steal), ama llulla (do not lie), and ama qilla (do not be lazy), was preserved.

There was another element in this transformation: all memory of the pre-Inca cultures disappeared, leaving only the ruins of Tiwanaku as a distant reference. This explains the ideal that inspired the great indigenous uprisings and that mestizos embraced throughout history.

During the wars of independence, the restoration of the Inca Empire, or the establishment of a government based on it, was advocated by figures such as Francisco de Miranda, Manuel Belgrano, Juan José Castelli, and José de San Martín. Castelli even commemorated the first anniversary of the May Revolution with a ceremony at Tiwanaku.

By that time, historical memory had already been transformed. The Indians and mestizos who lived under the viceroyalties never knew that the Inca Empire had been built through invasions, many of them so violent that entire settlements were wiped out, as happened to the village of Nasavacollo in the Chichas region.

The Inca Empire was a theocratic monarchy that did not distribute the benefits of agricultural production equitably. One of the authors who pointed this out was the revolutionary thinker Liborio Justo, who wrote that “the mass of the population of the Tahuantinsuyu, as a whole, was enslaved to the Inca and his tiny ruling caste, and neglecting that mass was contrary to the interests of the enslavers themselves.”

So yes, we were slaves in the past—but not of the Spaniards. We were slaves of the Incas. Their armies invaded us, we went to war, they defeated us, and they turned us into tributaries. Interpreting the chroniclers, Justo stated that agricultural production was divided into three parts: the lands of the Sun, the lands of the Inca, and the lands of the ayllus. That was how production was distributed: the masses were entitled only to the third portion.

The subjugated nations were dissatisfied with Inca rule, and that is why, when the Spaniards arrived, many saw them as liberators. That is why agreements were made with them. That is why Pizarro’s armies included thousands of indigenous allies with whom he brought down the Inca Empire.

But that is not what we are taught in schools. Perhaps now they even teach how to organize blockades instead of teaching true history.

Juan José Toro is a National Prize winner in the History of Journalism.

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