Dollar Float Sparks Debate | Dólar flexible desata debate

By Erika Segales, El Deber:

Was It the Right Time? Economists Disagree Over the Flexible Dollar Exchange Rate

¿Fue el momento correcto? Economistas discrepan sobre el cambio flexible del dólar

Some experts view the flexible exchange rate as a necessary adjustment to acknowledge an economic reality that already existed, while others warn that implementing it without addressing underlying imbalances could shift pressures to other sectors of the economy.

Bolivia’s decision to abandon the fixed dollar exchange rate and move toward a flexible regime has sparked debate among economists over whether the measure was introduced at the right time. While some consider it a necessary adjustment to correct a distortion that already existed in the economy, others warn that it comes at a time when the country remains vulnerable due to a shortage of foreign currency, a fiscal deficit, and a lack of conditions needed to sustain a new exchange-rate framework.

For economist Darío Monasterio, the change represents an important signal of a new economic direction and responds to a situation in which, in practice, the official exchange rate of 6.96 bolivianos per dollar had already ceased to reflect reality.

“I consider it a very important and powerful sign of a new direction for the Bolivian economy after a very long period of a fixed exchange rate, which eventually led to a black market and a parallel dollar market. This created a great deal of uncertainty, fueled speculation, and clearly failed to generate incentives for foreign investment, external financing, or even exports,” Monasterio said on EL DEBER’s program Qué Semana.

However, Monasterio noted that several factors raise questions about the timing of the measure. He explained that the current context contains both favorable and unfavorable elements for implementing a change of this magnitude. Among the negative factors, he cited the recent economic and social difficulties, as well as international reserve levels that remain below what would be desirable. Net International Reserves (NIR) fell from $15.122 billion in 2014 to $3.713 billion in 2025.

Despite these concerns, the economist argued that the step was necessary to restore confidence and address accumulated imbalances. Monasterio maintained that the central problem was continuing to uphold an official exchange rate that no longer reflected real market conditions.

“We need to unify prices, even if the measure affects some sectors negatively and benefits others. In the end, it will be the honest interaction of supply and demand that creates certainty for both investors and consumers,” Monasterio said.

From a different perspective, economist Germán Molina questioned both the way and the timing in which the measure was implemented. According to his analysis, a flexible exchange-rate regime requires macroeconomic conditions that Bolivia has not yet resolved.

Molina observed that the change is taking place amid low foreign-currency inflows, limited reserves, and a large fiscal deficit. In the revised 2026 General State Budget (PGE), the government projected a fiscal deficit of 9% for 2026.

“A flexible exchange-rate regime is not sustainable with such a high fiscal deficit, and it implies a 43.10% devaluation of our currency, the boliviano,” he stated.

The economist also raised institutional concerns regarding the approval of the new framework, arguing that a decision of this magnitude required broader analysis because of its economic and social implications. Molina noted that the measure would be approved at the ministerial level rather than by the president and cabinet.

Meanwhile, economist Fernando Romero considered the exchange-rate flexibilization to be a response to the exhaustion of the previous system, but warned that its success will depend on additional economic measures.

He explained that the fixed exchange rate had become unsustainable due to declining international reserves, lower external revenues, and growing demand for dollars. Nevertheless, he emphasized that while the new regime may reduce distortions, it will not by itself solve the shortage of foreign currency.

“Bolivia currently faces a combination of structural factors: international reserves below $4 billion, of which only about $700 million are liquid foreign-currency reserves; lower production and exports of natural gas; a high fiscal deficit; declining foreign investment; and stronger expectations of dollarization. A flexible regime can manage this reality more effectively, but it does not eliminate the shortage of dollars on its own,” he said.

Economist Carlos Aranda agreed that the change corrects an accumulated distortion, but warned about risks to the financial system if other imbalances are not addressed.

“The exchange rate is not the disease; it is the symptom. Its long-term value is determined by macroeconomic balance: a controlled fiscal deficit that does not fuel excessive money creation and that allows the rebuilding of international reserves to strengthen the balance sheet of the Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB), together with the elimination of distortions accumulated in the financial system. Moving the price of the dollar without addressing the underlying causes merely shifts the pressure from one place to another,” he said.

The Central Bank of Bolivia established that the flexible exchange-rate regime will take effect on Monday, June 29, with an exchange rate of 9.73 bolivianos per dollar. The BCB will publish the exchange rate on its website every business day at 8:00 p.m.

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