From Banknotes to Cellphones: Digital Payments Redraw Bolivia’s Economy | Del billete al celular: pagos digitales redibujan la economía boliviana

By Juan Carlos Salinas, El Deber:

Del billete al celular: pagos digitales redibujan la economía boliviana

The country processes 28 QR payments per second and the use of physical cash continues to steadily decline. From markets to taxis, payment habits are changing rapidly. Financial interoperability is key.

The scene repeats itself thousands of times a day in Bolivia; only the protagonist changes. It could be a fruit vendor at a popular market asking, “Will you pay me by QR?” Or a taxi driver who, when charging the fare, shows a laminated code stuck to the dashboard. It could also be a young person paying Bs 12 for a coffee without pulling out a single banknote. Even at neighborhood fairs and small local shops, the cellphone has become a portable cash register.

The transformation is no longer anecdotal. Data from the Payment System Monitoring report by the Central Bank of Bolivia shows that the country is undergoing a structural change in the way money moves. In 2025, an average of 229 electronic payments per inhabitant were made, while immediate QR payments reached 1,697 operations per minute, equivalent to 28 transactions per second.

For economist Germán Molina, the consolidation of fintechs was the cornerstone for developing the digital ecosystem that currently exists in the country.

Using fewer banknotes is a global trend and our country cannot remain on the sidelines. This situation is strengthened by the technological advancement of the financial system, which allows greater financial inclusion through the digital tools offered by the national financial system,” Molina emphasized.

According to the Central Bank, behind the figures lies a much deeper phenomenon: Bolivia has begun reducing its historic dependence on cash and is shifting a growing portion of its everyday economy into the digital ecosystem.

Del billete al celular: pagos digitales redibujan la economía boliviana

QR Is No Longer New

Just five years ago, QR was a mechanism limited to some formal businesses and banking applications. Today, it has become omnipresent.

The Central Bank itself acknowledges that QR has ceased being an “emerging instrument” and has become a massive payment system. Interoperability — meaning the ability for any user to pay from any bank or mobile wallet regardless of the receiving institution — was the turning point.

In practice, it democratized access to electronic payments. A merchant no longer needs an expensive POS terminal or complex contracts with financial operators. A cellphone and a printed QR code are enough.

The result is visible in the figures: QR payments grew 131% compared to 2024 and, within electronic transfer orders, immediate payments went from representing 7% in 2021 to 86% in 2025.

The low-scale economy — breakfast purchases, minibuses, phone top-ups, deliveries, pharmacies, or shopping at the market — migrated toward QR.

To measure the scale of digital transactions in 2025, the Electronic Funds Transfer Order (OETF), an electronic payment instrument allowing transfers through internet banking, mobile banking, and other digital platforms, surpassed 1 billion operations. In 2021, by contrast, it barely reached around 94 million transactions.

Del billete al celular: pagos digitales redibujan la economía boliviana

Cash Loses Ground

One of the most revealing indicators in the Central Bank report is the decline in cash use. In 2020, 85% of payments were made with physical money. By 2025, the figure had dropped to 64%.

Molina points out that this does not mean the disappearance of banknotes. Bolivia, along with Ecuador, remains a highly cash-based economy, especially in informal sectors, rural areas, and public transportation. However, the trend is clear: cash is losing ground.

This has several implications. On one hand, it reduces the need to carry physical money in a context where insecurity and cash shortages have become frequent concerns. On the other, it allows greater traceability of operations, something key for formalizing economic activities and expanding financial inclusion.

Alison Berbetty, an expert in digital assets, stated that more and more people pay or collect money through cellphones, QR systems, or transfers because these systems offer greater security, help reduce informality, and avoid the physical theft of money.

“But in Bolivia the issue is more complex, because more than 70% of the population works in the informal sector and depends on cash. In addition, there are areas where internet access does not exist and people who do not have technological skills or smartphones. Therefore, although using less cash has advantages, there are still groups that cannot access QR or other electronic payment methods,” Berbetty said.

She also pointed out that with less handling of physical money, the psychological relationship with it changes. Before, paying implied “feeling” the expense: handing over bills, counting coins, and receiving change. Now, a large part of transactions occur in seconds. Money has become digital, immediate, and invisible.

Del billete al celular: pagos digitales redibujan la economía boliviana

The Check, in Retreat

If QR symbolizes the future, the check represents a tool beginning to be left behind. The volume of check operations fell 12% over the last five years. Although it still moves large amounts, especially in large-scale business and commercial operations, it has lost ground to electronic transfers, which can be carried out 24 hours a day and credited within seconds.

The expansion of fee-free electronic transfers up to Bs 69,600 accelerated that substitution even further.

Checks are beginning to resemble what happened to bank passbooks or fax machines: instruments that were once essential and today survive only in specific niches.

Another striking fact is the drop in the use of electronic cards. In 2025, the number of card operations decreased 23% and the processed value fell 41%. At first glance this may seem contradictory in a context of digitalization. But in reality, it reflects a shift within the electronic ecosystem itself.

People no longer necessarily use physical cards to pay. Instead, they directly use cellphones through QR systems or mobile wallets.

The Central Bank report even shows a reduction in the number of ATMs and POS terminals, while transfers and digital payments increase. Berbetty noted that, within the ecosystem of buying-and-selling tools, one of the most important phenomena in Bolivia’s financial system is the advance of mobile wallets.

In 2025, 691 million operations were processed through this system, with annual growth of 105%. But the most relevant fact is not only technological, but social, since mobile wallets grew especially among the unbanked population and small merchants.

“The system allows sending money, paying for services, buying phone credit, or withdrawing cash without needing banking infrastructure,” Berbetty highlighted.

There are currently 6.7 million mobile wallets in the country, compared to 1.6 million in 2021. More than 90% of their service points operate through non-financial correspondents, extending services to areas where banks historically had little presence.

In other words, the cellphone has begun partially replacing the bank branch.

The growth of electronic payments is also occurring in a complex economic context. The shortage of dollars, liquidity restrictions, and the increasing digitalization of commerce accelerated the use of electronic means. For many businesses, receiving QR payments became a more efficient way to operate without depending so heavily on cash.

The digital ecosystem has also begun connecting with regional trends. The Central Bank announced progress toward integrating digital wallets, systems such as PIX from Brazil, and eventually mechanisms linked to virtual assets.

Bolivia, which for years lagged behind in financial digitalization, now appears as one of the countries with the greatest recent expansion of interoperable payments in the region. The Inter-American Development Bank highlighted the Bolivian model of interoperability and modernization of the payment system.

Bolivia Aims for Intelligent Systems to Control Nontraditional Payments

In Bolivia, the sustained growth of electronic payments creates the need to strengthen control mechanisms and cybersecurity. Experts believe that tools such as network analysis, anomaly-detection algorithms, and automated APIs could help better monitor system liquidity and prevent operational and financial risks.

Among the most relevant applications are systems capable of identifying unusual transaction patterns, detecting suspicious movements, and generating early warnings against possible fraud or liquidity tensions.

The use of natural language processing is also being considered to automate the analysis of reports and financial documentation, reducing time and human error.

The expansion of digital payments also increases exposure to cyber risks and financial crimes. According to international studies, data governance and cybersecurity rank among the main concerns of authorities adopting SupTech systems.

The challenge is not solely technological. Training specialists in data science, artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity is becoming a key factor for improving financial supervision.

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