Dollar Pressure on Bolivia | Presión del dólar en Bolivia

By El Diario, Eju.tv:

The Modification of the Exchange Rate, a Not-So-Easy Task

The price of the dollar in the national market shows volatility, especially in the parallel market, due to problems in the oil price market.

Although the President of the State proposed during his campaign the implementation of a price band to eliminate the fixed exchange rate for the dollar, the decision depends on the availability of foreign currency. Added to this is the fact that the Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB) still does not have the capacity to enter the arena of supplying and purchasing dollars due to the low quantity of the U.S. currency.

Economists point out that a significant loan from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) would be needed for this task; however, any rapprochement with the issuing institution is currently on hold.

The price of the dollar in the national market shows volatility, particularly in the parallel market, because of problems in the oil price market, and Bolivia is subject to external shocks. The value has risen in recent days.

Economist and professor at the Technical University of Oruro (UTO), Ernesto Bernal, reflected on the fixed exchange rate and stated that making it more flexible will require financial injection.

He said that the reserves of the Central Bank of Bolivia must be handled with great care in a context in which the volatility of the dollar price will be taken advantage of by speculators, due to the rise in crude oil prices in the international market.

In that regard, he argues that the Government must analyze the issue, especially since a possible rise in fuel prices in June could bring about social conflict once the Executive evaluates the context of oil prices in the international market.

“It does not have a clear policy of resorting to financing for this issue,” according to Bernal, who recalls that there were some attempts at rapprochement with the International Monetary Fund.

“We need $10 billion and the only one that can provide it is the IMF; negotiations should already be underway,” he emphasized.

Parallel Dollar

Economist and researcher Fernando Romero, like Bernal, also notes that high crude oil prices in the European and North American markets will have an impact on Bolivia.

In fact, the country already shows significant volatility due to this phenomenon, reflected in the parallel dollar, which ended the week with a quotation of 9.40 bolivianos, while the BCB figure placed it at 9.13.

“The exchange rate is volatile and speculative, subject to external shocks, such as what is happening now in the oil market. A fixed dollar is more theoretical than practical, but the parallel market rules,” he said.

This scenario could mean that the country may soon move toward a flexible exchange rate, although in practice that decision is still far from reality.

“Unfortunately, to date Net International Reserves (NIR) in dollars are hovering around $400 million. A small amount,” he stated.

Romero explained that between $2.5 billion and $4.5 billion would be required just to modify the exchange rate from a fixed system to a flexible one, but at the moment the BCB does not have the foreign currency capacity to take on such a major challenge.

Beyond the announcement, reality is different; this scenario reveals the fragility and weakness of the national economy, which is in trouble.

“We need a financial cushion to balance the foreign exchange market from a fixed system to a floating one,” he assured, noting that one alternative to achieve this objective would be to turn to international organizations as a short-term monetary path.

However, loans from the World Bank (WB), the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), and CAF do not go in that direction, and the only option would be the International Monetary Fund.

“I believe that to stabilize the Bolivian economy, and to support that adjustment that could occur—a devaluation—Bolivia requires a loan from the IMF,” he proposed.

As with all International Monetary Fund loans, they would come with conditions based on macroeconomic stabilization targets that may be economically harsh, but necessary, Romero stated.

The Government must evaluate this as soon as possible, since the Bolivian economy is sick and needs a transfusion; otherwise, it could move into a much more critical situation, he warned.

Balance of Payments

For his part, economic analyst Darío Monasterio indicated that IMF loans exist precisely to stabilize the balance of payments.

“The balance of payments consists of the trade balance and the capital account. The first is exports minus imports, and the second refers to foreign direct investment or inflow of capital versus capital outflow,” he explained.

That process is what balances Net International Reserves. It is also reflected in the amount of dollars a country has to deal with movements in the exchange rate.

Monasterio said that this is precisely the role of the IMF: to support reserves so that changes can be made in the official exchange rate.

“There would be nothing wrong with implementing a stabilization plan to stabilize the accounts related to monetary balances. Dollars are required to carry out an official devaluation,” he stated.

He also maintains that the first step is to organize state administration, such as generating stronger institutions and, obviously, continuing to generate positive signals in order to create the qualitative conditions—also supported by quantitative backing—which could come not only from an IMF loan but also from the inflow of foreign direct investment and the repatriation of capital held by some Bolivians, possibly through an amnesty.

Crude Oil

Meanwhile, regarding the volatility of crude oil prices in the international market, the Minister of Economy and Public Finance, Gabriel Espinoza, explained that they are monitoring the situation.

He stressed that decisions cannot be made based on short-term fluctuations due to volatility in prices, while purchases made in advance will not suffer changes in the short term; afterward, however, the issue will be analyzed.

He assured that one of the government’s strategies is focused on purchasing crude oil rather than refined fuels. As recalled, the country imports nearly 90% of its diesel and slightly more than 50% of its gasoline for domestic consumption, while refineries operate at only 40% capacity.

The plan now is to buy crude oil and reduce the budget for fuel purchases, since importing fuels requires $160 million, while purchasing crude would reduce the amount to between $130 million and $140 million, depending on international market prices.

por Carlos Corz

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