Illegal Mining Threatens Bolivia | La minería ilegal amenaza a Bolivia

By Sumando Voces:

Study Warns of the Expansion of Illegal Mining in Bolivia and Raises Alarm Over Environmental and Economic Impacts

Mining dredges. Photo: CPILAP

A recent investigation warns that illegal mining has ceased to be a marginal phenomenon and has become a structural threat that compromises the economy, the ecosystem, and national security. The study “Presence and Impact of Illegal Mining in Bolivia,” by researcher Alfredo Zaconeta, reveals a complex network of impunity that stretches from the basins of the northern Amazon to the shafts of the western Andes.

Over the past decade, the departments of La Paz, Beni, and Pando have consolidated their position as the epicenter of illegal gold mining. Under the façade of cooperatives, hundreds of dredges and rafts operate without environmental controls in critical rivers such as the Madre de Dios and within protected areas like Madidi National Park.

The environmental cost is devastating, as the indiscriminate use of mercury for gold amalgamation is irreversibly contaminating water sources, affecting the health of riverside Indigenous communities with toxicity levels that far exceed health limits. According to the document, this activity is fueled by foreign capital — from Chinese, Colombian, and Peruvian sources — that supplies technology and financing, systematically evading regulatory frameworks.

“Jukeo” and the Social Drama in the West

While the north gleams with gold, in the traditional mining districts of Oruro and Potosí illegality takes the form of tin and zinc. The phenomenon of “jukeo” (systematic theft of mineral ore) has severely hit state-owned companies such as Huanuni and Colquiri, generating losses that in Huanuni alone are estimated at 20 million dollars annually.

However, the most alarming impact is human. The report documents the persistence of child and adolescent labor in mining cooperatives. This situation has already had international repercussions: in 2018, the technology giant Apple excluded Metalúrgica Vinto from its list of suppliers amid suspicions of child labor in its supply chain.

Although the mining sector accounted for 52.4% of the country’s total exports in 2024, its contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) fell from 7.6% in 2009 to 5.1% in 2023. This paradox is explained, in part, by the massive evasion of royalties and taxes fostered by the illegal market.

The investigation points to the institutional weakness of entities such as the AJAM and Senarecom as a key factor. The lack of logistical capacity, corruption, and the political weight of cooperative sectors have stalled legislative attempts to toughen the fight against illegal mining.

The Challenge: Beyond Punitive Measures

Zaconeta’s conclusion is forceful: combating illegality requires genuine political will that goes beyond repression. The report suggests that illegal mining is, to a large extent, a symptom of the State’s inability to generate decent employment in mining areas, turning “jukeo” into a survival strategy in the face of poverty.

To curb this extractive model that “mortgages the natural and social heritage,” the study proposes the urgent implementation of a robust mineral traceability system, the simplification of formalization processes for small miners, and a deep regulatory reform to restore the rule of law in the affected territories.

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