The Cougar’s Struggle to Survive in Potosí Territory | La lucha del puma por sobrevivir en territorio potosino

By Milenka Almanza, Eju.tv:

The brutal killing of a cougar in Vitichi reveals a human–wildlife conflict intensified by mining and intensive livestock ranching, factors that fragment habitat and force the feline to hunt livestock.

The moment when the poor little animal steps into the trap.

The events that took place in the department of Potosí, Bolivia, in January 2026 have remained etched in the retina and in the deepest fibers of the human–nature relationship. A video circulated on several social networks showing a cougar (Puma concolor) in the municipality of Vitichi (Potosí) that had been caught in a trap set to eliminate it. The cruelty did not end with capturing it: they threw stones at it while it roared in desperation, and it is estimated that they killed it that way.

This situation is extremely alarming, because it is not an isolated case and because it renders invisible the ecological importance of this species as an apex predator in ecosystems, a value that is often ignored by communities, and analyzing its implications is urgent.

Understanding that the Andean cougar is an expression of evolutionary, ecological, historical, and even cultural interconnections gives us a preliminary overview. This species has a great capacity to adapt to different habitats; it can live even in areas with little vegetation in open zones. Although, according to the Red Book of Vertebrates of Bolivia (2009), the cougar, while having generalist habitat requirements, has low population densities. It was removed from previous red lists based only on population data from Bolivia’s lowlands; the same 2009 text states that cougar populations in the Bolivian highlands have been eliminated or are low.

These data are worrying, because the cougar is a tertiary carnivore or apex predator, and the absence or reduction of its populations has adverse effects on the ecosystem.

Currently, the municipality of Vitichi does not have a census of populations and density of individuals of this species of felids—although by the law of energy transfer cougars generally have low population density and therefore require extensive areas to hunt—which exacerbates the problem, makes it invisible, and creates a denial of the actions of the current human inhabitants of this territory. The cougar is one of the emblematic animals of the pre-Hispanic world, above all for its fierceness and also considered a god, represented in textiles and architecture. Even many surnames derive from that term.

This situation has led to an evident animal–human conflict, which not only occurs in Vitichi but is the main cause of the near disappearance of this species in the region of the Bolivian Andes.

This is reflected in some comments on the social network Facebook: “They’re not hunters, they’re peasants defending their livestock”; “By now they’ve probably made charqui out of it (Quechua term for dried or dehydrated meat)”; “In Vitichi those traps harmful to the ecosystem are usually used, and on one occasion they even ate the poor cougar, sanction their incompetent mayor”; “How do you explain to a community member the loss of livestock that is his family’s livelihood? Both sides of the coin must be seen”; “Make a law that favors protected animals and also the community member; it’s not just saying protected animals—who answers for the damage they leave when they kill livestock? And they don’t just kill one, they kill five or more; you have to see both sides of the coin, it’s not just saying ‘poor little animal.’ Years ago in Sabaya it killed 20 to 50 llamas and the owners cried on television and I didn’t hear anyone say ‘poor community members’; I only see hypocritical people coming out without proposals”; “What do you think, that the llama is going to live in the house? And where is it going to eat during the day? That animal doesn’t forgive by day or by night, and who is going to compensate the owner for those damages?”; “At night the llamas are in corrals, but the cougar also comes in during the day; the livestock goes to the hills to eat grass, and when the cougar kills, it kills 20 or more, and who gives us back so many heads? Dead is dead, it’s not good for selling or eating.”

The discontent (and in some cases animosity) of these people toward the presence of the cougar in the territory is undeniable. For that reason, in this article I argue that the origin of this problem goes beyond merely thinking of the cougar as a being that arbitrarily intrudes on the interests of local ranchers. The more frequent presence of this felid is neither accidental nor malicious; it responds to the convergence of interconnected factors that together fragment its habitat, displace it, and in many cases even wipe out species, compounded by the effects of contamination of water bodies (especially the Vitichi River) and air with pollutants, noise, and vibrations generated, for example, by mining activities.

In that framework, according to the National Service for the Registration and Control of the Commercialization of Minerals and Metals (SENARECOM, 2025), there is mining activity in the municipality of Vitichi—despite having high fruit-growing productive potential. In addition, the mayor of Vitichi, Silverio Donaire, in 2024 reported that his municipality is affected by river contamination. Therefore, there are important elements to establish that the mining factor in the area contributes to the problem, since mining affects biodiversity on multiple scales.

Another important aspect in the analysis is habitat invasion due to the expansion of population spaces and the intensive ranching of camelids. This element and the previous one reveal an anthropocentric threshold in this problem.

For this reason, it is essential to understand that cougars are apex predators; that is, in theory they are at the top of the food chain, or have no predator. However, in the case of the cougar trapped in Vitichi and others, this premise does not hold, since it is frequently hunted by humans, who thus become its predator.

The most worrying issue in this case is habitat fragmentation, which may be related to the installation of mining activities, according to Primack (2002), particularly regarding the loss of ecological connectivity. When cougars are forced to move through fragmented landscapes, they come into contact with livestock and people and hunt in places and prey that were not usual in the past. When habitats are fragmented, prey populations decline, which is why cougars are increasingly resorting to hunting llamas (Lama glama) and sheep (Ovis aries) in the area.

And if we dig deeper into the trophic chain, we must understand that habitat fragmentation not only affects cougars, but also secondary predators; in this particular case study these may be foxes or snakes, which the cougar also feeds on. It is possible that the populations of these secondary predators are declining, thus affecting the entire food web.

Ultimately, these conflicts have emerged because this whole tangled set of ecosystem imbalances produced by human activity—subordinated to economic interests, in an evident commodification of life that seeks maximum gain for the human species—combined with the neglect of municipal, departmental, and national authorities. The Bolivian regulatory framework is scarce and limited to: the Political Constitution of the State, Law 1333 on the Environment related to environmental crimes such as illegal hunting, Law 300, the Framework Law of Mother Earth, and Bolivia being a signatory to international agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity.

In this urgent scenario, deep projects and research are necessary, focused on the conservation of the cougar and the integrity of the ecosystem, carried out by all levels of the State and Civil Society Organizations. Evaluations of causes of livestock mortality by predation versus deaths from poor nutrition, for example. Because humans can kill livestock, since in their logic its death is justified by economic gain; however, the cougar cannot kill livestock because in human logic the cougar’s ecological niche or ecosystem function does not matter.

At the community level, nighttime community patrols can be established, accompanied by the raising of dogs. Change the intensive breeding of camelid and ovine species; that is, rethink the possible uses that the herd will have. Community members and livestock owners will have to invest in sites that adequately shelter the animals.

Before considering economic compensation for ranchers for livestock losses due to cougar predation, authorities must properly investigate the holistic origin of this problem; otherwise, the issue would once again be reduced to an economic and assistentialist dimension.

Ultimately, this conflict is asymmetric and is the product of an invisible siege by human activity through mining, intensive ranching, and others, and it fails to understand that the cougar, as an apex predator, is the maximum regulator of the ecosystem, and that the fragmentation of its habitat destabilizes the entire food web. Its conservation is an indicator of the health and connectivity of the landscape. The ecological role of the cougar is irreplaceable and requires environmental justice.

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