Urban Mestizaje Emerges | Emerge el mestizaje urbano

By Carlos Toranzo, Brujula Digital:

Bolivia, the unfolding of multiple mestizajes

When analyzing the first round of the national elections of August 2025, we observe that the legitimacy of the Plurinational State founded by the MAS in the 2009 Constitution has collapsed; it may continue to exist in the wording of that Constitution, but it does not exist in reality.

Political discussion in the pre-electoral stage was no longer dominated by identity issues, especially the indigenous question, as happened in 2004 and 2005, prior to the elections in which the MAS won by an absolute majority; this once again shows that the Plurinational State, from its very birth, had no sociological existence, but only a discursive one, since more than 30 original nations hardly had any population, and the “majority” Aymara nation is, in reality, a very large bag of different types of mestizajes.

The time of the ethnicization of politics that dominated the 20 years of MAS government is also passing.

If the MAS tried to conceal and subordinate the mestizo country for 20 years, in these elections we observe the existence of a basically urban Bolivia (almost 80% of the population) and mestiza, composed of multiple mestizajes, which do not hide their ethnic origins; there is no reason for them to do so.

The issue of urbanization is a central question for understanding present-day Bolivia, but an urbanization that is accompanied by the disproportionate growth of informality, since almost 90% of employment is informal.

The 1900 census did not admit the mestizo category; paradoxically, censuses from 2001 onward did not either, but that cannot conceal the existence of diverse mestizajes, and not of a homogeneous mestizaje as the MNR of the 1952 Revolution intended.

At present, the indigenous issue has been replaced by the popular urban sphere, about which Bolivian sociology still gives us few answers, especially in connecting this issue with the existence of diverse mestizajes.

It is around the popular urban sphere that the politics of the future must be thought, which does not mean that indigenous peoples have disappeared, but they are a population minority. In addition, it must be specified that peasant is not synonymous with indigenous; at present there is no longer a radical break between the urban and the rural, rather between the two there is a line of continuity that is united by the neighbor, the one who is, at the same time, urban and simultaneously a rural resident.

In the elections, the so-called social-communitarian model has also collapsed, the one that sold the communitarian paradigm of living well, since that is a fallacy: popular sectors and the majority of the population believe more in the market than in the community and the communitarian. It is no coincidence that merchants, peasants, market vendors, coca growers, mining cooperativists, and transport workers have a liberal soul with a love for the market and accumulation; therefore, in Bolivia there is a popular neoliberalism umbilically connected to economic informality.

In Bolivia there was never socialism during the 20 years of MAS government, nor the so-called socialism of the twenty-first century; what existed was a state capitalism articulated with a crony capitalism, from which new economic aristocracies emerged: coca growers, mining cooperativists, smugglers; the wealthy trade-union aristocracy, and bourgeoisies arising from drug trafficking.

To speak of an economic model of the MAS is an exaggeration, since we were only faced with a squandering of the resources coming from the boom in hydrocarbon prices. It is evident that poverty measured by income indicators fell during these 20 years, as a result of the resources from the boom, but now, due to the economic crisis, many social sectors that were classified as middle classes will return to a situation of poverty, due to the brutal inflation of food prices.

This will be more visible among employees subject to fixed salaries. Even more so if poverty is measured by indicators of unmet basic needs, since in these years those indicators did not improve.

For all these reasons, it can be concluded that the MAS’s attempt to conceal mestizaje for 20 years failed.

Present-day Bolivia shows us a dominantly urban country, populated by hundreds of diverse mestizajes, which do not hide the existence of some indigenous peoples, who are population minorities and who, little by little, absorb cultural and everyday elements of the mestizajes with which they connect.

Thus, politics must be thought of fundamentally around the urban sphere and the diverse mestizajes.

Carlos Toranzo is an economist.

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