Crisis: Gradual or Shock Subsidies | Crisis: subsidios graduales o de shock

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Jubileo proposes 5 solution alternatives for the subsidy

The State covers, with public resources, 74% of the cost of gasoline and 73% of diesel

Jubileo proposes 5 solution alternatives for the subsidy. Photo: ANH

The subsidy for hydrocarbons has ceased to be a policy of stability and has instead become the epicenter of an unprecedented fiscal and energy crisis. This is the stark conclusion of the latest report from the Jubileo Foundation, titled “Hydrocarbon Subsidy, a Necessary Reform,” which meticulously dissects how a policy originally designed as temporary 20 years ago has transformed into an unsustainable burden that, in 2024 alone, required an estimated 2.4 billion dollars in state resources. The document not only warns about the severity of the diagnosis, but also stresses that the new government, in power since November 8, inherits a critical situation marked by a scarcity of foreign currency and a recurring shortage of fuel, forcing immediate structural decisions.

To grasp the magnitude of the problem, the report urges the public to look beyond the long lines at gas stations and to understand the root causes, describing a kind of perfect storm triggered by the collapse of domestic production and the price freeze that encouraged irrational consumption.

The collapse

The report details that the root of the imbalance lies not only in international prices but in the collapse of domestic hydrocarbon production. Between 2014 and 2025, national production of liquid hydrocarbons—petroleum and condensate needed to refine gasoline and diesel—fell dramatically by 62%. At the same time, natural gas production, which historically financed the State and international reserves, shrank by 54% since 2015.

This contraction in domestic supply had an immediate domino effect on imports. Lacking sufficient raw material to feed refineries, Bolivia went from being a country with some energy autonomy to one with critical dependence on foreign supply. The numbers are striking: in 2016 the country imported just 12% of the gasoline it consumed, but by 2024 that dependence had jumped to 58%. The situation is even more dramatic for diesel, the fuel powering agribusiness and heavy transport, where imports surged from 50% to 90%. In simple terms, out of every ten liters of diesel sold in the country, nearly nine are purchased abroad with increasingly scarce dollars.

Subsidy

The analysis by the Jubileo Foundation highlights what it calls a “blind” subsidy. The term refers to a policy that does not distinguish who benefits from state aid. Currently, the subsidized price benefits public transport—which moves the working class—just as much as it benefits owners of high-end private vehicles, illegal mining operations, and smuggling activities.

This incentive of artificially low prices triggered an explosion in the vehicle fleet, which multiplied fivefold since 2004, rising from fewer than 500,000 units to more than 2.5 million in 2024. The concerning fact is that most of these new vehicles are private cars, showing that the subsidy encouraged inefficient, atomized transport instead of mass mobility solutions.

Gap

The economic dimension of the subsidy becomes clearer when reviewing the enormous difference between the real import price and the domestic retail price. Using international reference prices and the market exchange rate at the end of September 2025, the report states that the real price of gasoline should be around Bs 14.5 per liter, and diesel around Bs 13.7.

However, these products are sold domestically at Bs 3.74 and Bs 3.72, respectively. This means the State covers 74% of the cost of gasoline and 73% of diesel with public funds. Final consumers pay less than a third of the real cost, a distortion that drains international reserves of the Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB) and makes any attempt at fiscal balance impossible.

Five alternatives

Given this scenario, which Jubileo deems unsustainable for the current five-year period, the organization proposes moving beyond inaction and presents five concrete technical alternatives to reform the subsidy policy. These options aim to shift from a generalized subsidy to more efficient and fair schemes, noting that any measure must be accompanied by liberalizing imports so the private sector can bring in fuel.

The first alternative is the total elimination of the subsidy. Known in economics as shock therapy, this measure would immediately remove state support and align domestic prices with international ones. Although from a strictly fiscal and energy standpoint this would be the quickest solution to close the deficit and stop the dollar drain, the report warns clearly that this path carries a high risk of inflation and political and social instability, given its immediate impact on the population’s cost of living.

As a more moderate second option, Jubileo suggests refocusing the subsidy. The proposal maintains the current frozen price only for public transport, thus protecting fare costs for citizens. For all other consumers—private vehicles—the price would be liberalized. Implementing this measure would require strict use of technology, specifically the B-SISA system, to identify and tag vehicles that truly provide public transport service. The main challenge is whether the State can effectively enforce controls to prevent subsidized fuel from being diverted to the black market.

A third option is demand-side subsidies through vouchers. Under this scheme, pump prices would rise to real levels for all buyers, but the State would deliver direct compensation, via bank transfers or vouchers, to vulnerable sectors and transport operators. The philosophy behind this proposal is to shift the subsidy’s focus: stop subsidizing the product (gasoline and diesel) and start subsidizing the people who actually need it. According to Jubileo, this would empower consumers to decide when and how they use the assistance, promoting savings and energy efficiency.

The fourth alternative explores implementing differentiated prices based on fuel quality. Similar to refocusing, this proposal would keep current gasoline and diesel at subsidized prices for public transport, but introduce higher-quality fuels at international prices for modern private vehicles that require them. In this way, a segmented market is created where those who can afford a higher-quality product pay its real cost, partially easing the State’s fiscal burden.

Finally, the fifth proposal targets a deeper transformation: subsidizing mass public transport. The Jubileo Foundation suggests that the State stop burning resources to subsidize fossil fuels and instead redirect those funds to finance municipal mass transport systems, ideally electric. Under this model, the central government would use the subsidy budget to co-finance loans and projects for municipal governments, addressing the root problem by reducing the need for small, polluting vehicles.

The gas problem

The Foundation’s analysis also covers Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and natural gas. In the case of LPG, whose cylinder price is frozen at Bs 22.50 even though it reaches up to Bs 100 in neighboring countries, a gradual price adjustment is recommended. The proposal is to increase the price by at least 10% annually, in a predictable and announced manner, until it matches the import cost. The goal is to encourage households with access to domestic natural gas networks to stop consuming LPG and switch to piped gas, reserving subsidized cylinders only for areas and populations not connected to pipelines.

For industrial users and thermoelectric plants that consume natural gas, the document suggests quarterly price adjustments based on export opportunity cost. This seeks to correct the current distortion where the domestic market consumes gas reserves at extremely low prices, discouraging exploration and reducing hydrocarbon revenues.

Conditions

The document concludes by calling for political responsibility and transparency. For the Jubileo Foundation, the prerequisite for successful reform is that the new authorities be honest with the population, presenting real and complete data on the critical energy situation. It also warns that reducing the fiscal deficit and ensuring a sufficient flow of foreign currency must come first, to avoid the cure being worse than the disease. The reform, it stresses, is not just a technical necessity but an imperative to prevent a total collapse of Bolivia’s energy security in the coming years.

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