Currency as Blood: How Healthy Is Bolivia’s Economy? | La moneda como la sangre: ¿cuál es la salud de la economía boliviana?

By Germán Huanca Luna (*) & René García Angelo (**); Publico.com:

This time, we’ll explain the state of Bolivia’s economy through a medical analogy, to help the public better grasp how serious the country’s situation is. Just as the human body needs blood to live, the economy needs money to function. In ancient times, when barter was common, this comparison would make no sense; but today, in the modern economy, exchange is only possible through fiat money — and more recently, cryptocurrencies. Thus, a medical perspective can help us better understand the current economic crisis.

Currency in the economy is like blood in the human body. When the body is healthy, blood circulates normally, carries oxygen and nutrients, and defends the organism from external threats. The same happens with the economy: if the circulation of money is interrupted or foreign currency is lacking, the country becomes sick.

An adult needs between five and six liters of blood to live. In that blood, red blood cells carry oxygen to each cell, while white blood cells protect against infections. In Bolivia’s economy, the veins are the roads, and the blood is money: the bolivianos (national currency) are like the red blood cells that sustain internal circulation, while the U.S. dollars are the white blood cells that defend against the external world.

A body’s health is also measured by the proportion of red blood cells: between 40% and 50% is normal; if it drops to 30%, anemia appears; and below 20%, life is at risk. The same goes for the economy: it needs a minimum level of monetary circulation, measured by the relationship between money (M) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), expressed in the formula M x V = P x Y.

According to UDAPE data, the velocity of money (V) in Bolivia was 2.2 in terms of M2 in 2022. With a GDP of about $47 billion, the total amount of money that should circulate equals roughly 50% of the GDP, combining bolivianos and dollars. Currently, there are enough bolivianos in circulation — even too many — which is putting pressure on inflation. The key question is: how much of that economic blood should be in dollars?

The answer lies in the international reserves. Instead of the $13 billion needed to maintain stability — taking 2006 as a reference — today there are barely $3 billion left. In medical terms, the country suffers from severe leukopenia: it has too few white blood cells, that is, too few dollars to defend itself.

Excessive fiscal spending has caused a significant loss of money in the economy. But the central problem is not the bolivianos, it’s the dollars: foreign currency is drained by debt payments and imports, while the Central Bank mismanaged the reserves. The result is a hemorrhage caused by the fiscal and trade deficits, translating into a flight of dollars without any replenishment capacity.

In 2006, international reserves were equal to 27.6% of GDP, enough to cover 14 months of imports; today, they barely reach 3.98%, covering only two months. With such low reserves, the economy is exposed to inflation, shortages, and loss of confidence.

When a patient loses blood, medicine resorts to an emergency transfusion — between 450 milliliters and three liters — to stabilize the patient. In economics, a transfusion means the urgent inflow of foreign currency. Bolivia needs at least $3 billion to cover basic operations — such as fuel imports — and between $10 and $13 billion to restore a healthy level of reserves.

But, just like a human body, an economy cannot live on transfusions forever. The real challenge is for the organism to produce its own blood. For Bolivia, that means exporting more, attracting productive investment, diversifying the economy, and rebuilding international reserves.

Today, the Bolivian patient is not dying from a lack of bolivianos (red blood cells), but from a lack of dollars (white blood cells). The country is still alive because a minimum amount of blood is still circulating, but it is weak, defenseless, and depleted.

The economists’ prescriptions: At the debate organized by the Bolivian Academy of Economic Sciences on October 2, economists Gabriel Espinoza (PDC) and Ramiro Cavero (Libre) presented their diagnoses and treatments for the national economy.

The PDC proposed “surgery” to control the fiscal deficit and stop the hemorrhage, but without detailing where or how. It emphasized the use of “anesthesia” — transfers to the most vulnerable — to cushion the social impact. However, its plan only stabilizes the patient in bed, without a real transfusion or deep recovery.

Libre, on the other hand, also proposes controlling the fiscal deficit, but alongside a foreign currency transfusion to reactivate the economy. Its approach recognizes that the patient needs not only to close the wounds but to regain strength. Still, it warned that recovery could be hindered if political conditions fail to support the process.

We all know that true healing requires the patient to have the necessary conditions to recover. In economic terms, this means changing investment policies, attracting foreign capital, and generating a confidence shock among the population.

The PDC seems to rely on the body’s natural reaction — that the patient will recover on his own while lying in bed. But such spontaneous improvement would not last long if a minimum blood flow, that is, new sources of foreign currency, is not ensured.

Libre, in contrast, proposes a more active strategy: to apply a transfusion that not only stops the hemorrhage but also stimulates recovery. Even so, long-term stability will depend on whether the patient can produce his own blood — that is, generate and attract dollars sustainably.

Today, Bolivia is a living patient — but in critical condition: anemic, defenseless, and weakened. The right treatment will determine whether the country can once again produce its own blood or continue depending on external transfusions until collapse. On October 19, with their vote, the people will decide which treatment to follow.

(*) Germán Huanca Luna, Master in Financial Economics, Ohio University (USA).
(**) René García Angelo, Neurosurgeon, National Autonomous University of Mexico and Dalhousie University (Canada).

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