Presidential Debate: Candidates Fail to Address Mercury Pollution from Gold Mining | Debate presidencial: candidatos no plantean soluciones a la contaminación por mercurio en la explotación del oro

By Erbol:

ELECTIONS 2025

Environmental News Agency

None of the eight presidential candidates who participated in the first presidential debate—organized by the Plurinational Electoral Body (OEP) in coordination with the National Association of Journalists of Bolivia (ANPB) and the Confederation of Private Entrepreneurs of Bolivia (CEPB)—presented any solution to the environmental, soil, and river pollution caused by mercury use in gold extraction in the Amazon and other ecoregions of the country.

Although the debate, held in Santa Cruz on Friday night with a large nationwide audience, gave the eight candidates the opportunity to present proposals on natural resource exploitation—such as gold—none mentioned possible solutions to the multiple socio-environmental and economic impacts caused by illegal gold mining, including operations in illicit partnerships with foreign capital.

The question posed in the environmental segment was: How will you reconcile the need for economic growth based on natural resource exploitation with environmental protection? None of the candidates used the space to address the gold-related issue.

The candidates also failed to mention Bolivia’s environmental and human rights commitments, such as the Minamata Convention—intended to reduce mercury emissions, as neighboring countries have done—or the need to comply with the Escazú Agreement to guarantee access to environmental information, public participation in environmental decision-making, and access to justice in environmental matters.

Samuel Doria Medina of Alianza Unidad; Jorge “Tuto” Quiroga of the LIBRE alliance; Rodrigo Paz Pereira for PDC; Manfred Reyes Villa for APB-Súmate; Andrónico Rodríguez of Alianza Popular (AP); Pavel Aracena of ADN; Eduardo Del Castillo for MAS; and Jhonny Fernández of Fuerza por el Pueblo made no mention of any plan for state control over gold exploitation and commercialization, despite it being a non-renewable natural resource strategic to the national economy.

Scientific studies conducted by the Toxicological Institute of the University of Cartagena, Colombia, in coordination with the Center for Documentation and Information Bolivia (CEDIB) and the National Coordinator for the Defense of Indigenous Peasant Territories and Protected Areas (Contiocap), have shown that populations in Amazonian communities in northern La Paz department and along the rivers of Beni and Pando have mercury contamination levels far exceeding the maximum limit of one part per million (1 ppm).

Domestically, the National Action Plan (NAP) to reduce mercury use in artisanal and small-scale mining—developed by the government through the Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Environment and Water, together with the Mining, Environment and Industry Foundation (MedMin), with technical and financial support from Planet Gold, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), and the Andean Community—aims to reduce mercury use by 60% by 2031.

However, this plan was drafted without the participation of Indigenous peoples, the main victims of mercury contamination and the advance of mining frontiers into their territories, who have denounced their exclusion from the process. Among the most affected are the Ese Ejja, Uchupiamonas, and Tacana peoples.

Researcher and CEDIB director Óscar Campanini noted that two years after the announcement of the NAP for mercury, the only progress has been the creation of a single registry of importers and marketers—without prohibiting the entry of the toxic substance, which in Bolivia is among the highest in the world in both volume and price.

The United Nations Special Rapporteur on Toxics, Marcos Orellana, identified Bolivia as the regional hub for mercury trafficking, warning that this not only condemns present and future generations of Bolivians, but also undermines mercury-reduction efforts throughout Latin America.

Recently, the Multiethnic Indigenous Territory (TIM II) filed a direct preventive environmental action before the Agro-environmental Court in El Sena, Pando, seeking to halt illegal mining in the Madre de Dios River. The case was forwarded to the National Agro-environmental Court in Sucre.

Royalties and More

During the debate ahead of the August 17 elections, Del Castillo proposed 11% royalties for Oruro and Potosí from lithium extraction, but made no mention of the need to modify gold royalties paid by gold-mining cooperatives, which currently range from just 1.7% to 2.5% of the export value.

Gold-mining cooperatives account for more than 90% of gold exploitation, yet none of the candidates addressed a strategy for engagement with this sector, which over the 20 years of MAS government has been both a political and economic ally of the ruling party.

While the La Paz Regional Federation of Mining Cooperatives (Fecoman) has proposed a bill for a single tax payment of 4.5% on the export value of gold, the Asobal Cooperative—operating as a monopoly in the Madre de Dios River—expressed its opposition to the proposal, arguing that it was not consulted.

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