Geopolitics: Where Should Bolivia Look in the Subregion? | Geopolítica: ¿Hacia dónde debe mirar Bolivia en la subregión?

By Windsor Hernani, Visión 360:

In an increasingly competitive, unstable, and fragmented international scenario, it is imperative that Bolivia clearly recognize and embrace both the constraints and the opportunities arising from its geostrategic position.

Geopolitics is a fundamental discipline for understanding the interaction between geographic, economic, social, and political factors that influence a state’s strategic decision-making and the design of its foreign policy.

During the final decades of the 20th century, Bolivian diplomacy—aware that the country is landlocked, located in the heart of South America, and with limited physical infrastructure—adopted a geopolitical vision based on the premise that Bolivia should be a “land of contact, not of antagonisms.”

The phrase clearly synthesized a pragmatic and strategic geopolitics that sought to project the country as a point of subregional convergence, rather than as a confrontational actor. This implied three key objectives:

  1. Integrative vocation: Bolivia, due to its central position in South America, should act as a natural bridge between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, between the Southern Cone and the Andean region, and among diverse cultures, economies, and markets.
  2. Active neutrality: Instead of adopting automatic ideological alignments, this perspective proposed an autonomous and constructive diplomacy capable of engaging with multiple actors under principles of mutual respect, reciprocal benefit, and non-intervention.
  3. Rejection of geopolitical confrontation: It emphasized the importance of avoiding unnecessary antagonisms—especially in a polarized global context—and of prioritizing multilateralism, cooperation, and functional insertion into regional blocs and projects.

This design reflected an approach focused on regional cooperation and respect for the sovereignty of neighboring countries, avoiding ideological alignments that could isolate the country. The priority was to capitalize on Bolivia’s geographic location as a meeting point and hub of South American interconnection, promoting economic, physical, and energy integration as well as cooperation in security and the environment.

Unfortunately, with the rise to power of the Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS), the so-called “diplomacy of the peoples” abandoned this historical stance. No coherent alternative was proposed, nor was a new geopolitical doctrine designed; instead, erratic, isolated, and inexplicable actions were taken, guided solely by ideological alignment and unquestioning adherence to the positions of the leaders of so-called 21st-century socialism.

Relationships were prioritized with countries unrelated to Bolivian reality and national interests. The most illustrative case is Iran, an actor ideologically similar to a degree, but geopolitically irrelevant to national interests due to its minimal economic complementarity, geographical distance, cultural differences, and zero strategic relevance for Bolivian development. This relationship reveals the improvisation, incompetence, and lack of judgment of successive foreign policy authorities, whose decisions lacked logic—even common sense—and certainly any perspective rooted in defending national interest.

This shift weakened key bilateral relations with subregional powers, such as Peru. The result was institutional weakening of Bolivian diplomacy, a loss of dialogue with relevant actors, deterioration of international credibility; all of which hindered effective cooperation and led to increasing marginalization from subregional integration projects, both physical (e.g. interoceanic corridors) and commercial (e.g. the Pacific Alliance).

In the current context of transition toward a new government, it becomes essential to reorient foreign policy based on rigorous geopolitical analysis, centered on the country’s real capabilities, weaknesses, and core interests, in order to build realistic strategic alliances that effectively contribute to the achievement of national objectives.

Within this framework, neighborhood policy must be a priority. A close, intelligent, functional, and cooperative relationship with the five bordering countries—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Paraguay—will allow for the leveraging of complementarities and the strengthening of capacities in the face of multilateral challenges. Among them, two partners stand out for their strategic importance: Brazil and Peru.

Brazil, Bolivia’s main trading partner and recipient of its natural gas, is an economic giant and a relevant source of investment in energy and infrastructure. It represents the gateway to the Atlantic through the Paraguay–Paraná waterway. Logistical, energy, and value-chain cooperation must become an essential pillar of Bolivian foreign policy.

Peru, in turn, constitutes a key platform toward the Pacific and Asian markets, especially through the port of Chancay, a megaproject that is redefining the region’s geopolitics. Bolivia has historically had an appropriate and balanced relationship with Peru, which must be strengthened to take advantage of the economic development opportunities offered by this new environment.

These alliances must be based on open and functional relationships, aimed at generating tangible benefits in trade, infrastructure, technology transfer, investment, environmental cooperation, and the fight against transnational crimes—avoiding ideological alignments that compromise the country’s strategic interests.

Henry Kissinger stated: “No country can act wisely in the world without understanding the reality of its geographic limits.” In an increasingly competitive, unstable, and fragmented international scenario, it is imperative that Bolivia clearly recognize and embrace both the constraints and the opportunities arising from its geostrategic position. In this regard, the design of a renewed, coherent, and strategically oriented state foreign policy is an urgent and top-priority task for the national agenda.

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