What’s Happening with Native Potatoes in the Andean Region of Cochabamba? | ¿Qué pasa con las papas nativas en la región andina de Cochabamba?

By Luis Mamani, Opinión:

The climate crisis is deeply affecting rural communities in Cochabamba’s Andean region, where people face tough choices between ancestral farming practices and unfamiliar alternatives.

Elsa Ignacio, hija de don Faustino Ignacio, vistiendo su vestimenta orginaria prepara la wathia (plato típico y ancestral) en la cosecha de papa./ LUIS MAMANI
Elsa Ignacio, daughter of Don Faustino Ignacio, dressed in her traditional attire, prepares wathia (a typical ancestral dish) during the potato harvest. / Photo: Luis Mamani

In recent years, locals say the land has grown arid and the streams have dried up. Each year, they feel the rains become scarcer, while droughts and frosts increase.

Elders recall that they used to harvest around fifty varieties of native potatoes. Now, they barely manage three.

For many families, selling their annual crops is their only source of income. But climate change has made survival harder: farming income is no longer enough to sustain them.

Under these conditions, many younger people from Andean communities are forced to migrate.

Anastacia Delgado, originally from the Luquiapu community in Tacopaya, remembers that last year they didn’t harvest a single potato from one of their plots. In January 2024, a frost wiped out all their production and months of effort.

From her childhood and youth, Doña Anastacia especially remembers community practices and the rich diversity of potato varieties they once planted. “Now we only grow three: copacabanawaycha, and sacambaya.”

Don Eleuterio Santos, 33, also from Luquiapu, migrated fifteen years ago to Brazil, then Argentina, and later Chile — always in search of better economic opportunities.

He remembers some ancestral traditions from his childhood, such as the ritual exchange of water to call for rain.

TRADITION

Doña Anastacia says that plants and animals signal how the weather will behave and when to begin agricultural activities. “The fox cries early, the poplar and the lajo (a type of aquatic algae) turn green before their time,” she explains.

That means the rains will come early, and tuber and quinoa planting should also begin early.

When the rains were late, the community would gather under the leadership of the Jilakata (local authority) to perform a ritual for Pachamama. Everyone would share kanka (a special community dish), then walk to a low-flow spring, playing native music and offering coca leaves and alcohol. They would take water from this spring and pour it into a more abundant one to “awaken the rains,” they say.

Doña Anastacia still predicts rainfall, cold snaps, and other climate behaviors. “When small winged ants appear, light rain is coming. When large brown and black ants with wings fly, hail is coming. When the sun is about to return after the rain, the ‘pancataya’ (a type of ladybug) appears, along with small mounds of soil on the hills.”

According to her, there are many other indicators. A red sky at sunset signals frost. The cry of the waychu (a bird) means strong winds are coming. When the chiwanku (a blackbird) sings, it means the rainy season has begun.

Although less common today, such traditional practices persist in nearby communities like Challa Grande.

In agricultural tasks like planting, harvesting, or plowing, they used to practice humaraqaayni, and mink’a — systems of cooperative labor with no payment, usually involving the sacrifice of a sheep or llama as an offering to Pachamama. “We still do it, but without the offerings. Christianity changed all of that,” says Don Faustino Ignacio, from Challa Grande.

Doña Anastacia confirms that there are no longer rituals for Mother Earth, nor traditional authorities to uphold ancestral agricultural responsibilities.

She insists that these changes contribute to worsening frosts, droughts, and other factors that affect production.

Native vs. Commercial Potatoes

Although Bolivia’s Germplasm Bank of Roots and Tubers at the Toralapa Innovation Center claims to preserve 2,432 native potato varieties, it’s estimated that only about 30 are still grown — the rest are not commercially viable.

In Don Faustino’s community, native potato production has also declined due to climate conditions.

Both Doña Anastacia and Don Faustino agree: they now grow more commercial potatoes than native ones. The commercial varieties yield more and better withstand frost and drought.

In contrast, native potatoes are more sensitive to climate fluctuations.

While the current crops are more resilient, native varieties such as wayku or quyllu are more colorful and richer in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.

Doña Anastacia explains that the waycha variety they now grow didn’t even exist years ago. The quyllu varieties were for daily consumption, while luk’i and quyllu types were used to make chuñotunta, and muraya (dehydrated potato).

These preserved forms could last “up to twenty years,” serving as a food reserve during periods of scarcity or famine.

In the Majasaya Mujlli ayllu of Challa district, 24% of potato production is for household consumption. Research by the Food Sovereignty and Agroecology Observatory shows 23% is reserved for seed, and 48% for making chuño.

Only 2% of production is sold, 1% is used in bartering, and another 2% for reciprocal exchange.

Communities like Luquiapu and Challa Grande rely heavily on the sale of agricultural products and livestock in local markets. Barter is less common but still practiced in the Pongo Kasa and Confital fairs.

Given the uncertainty of agriculture as a livelihood, women in the region have strengthened their skills in traditional textile production — a practice Doña Anastacia has known since she was six.

A Sustainable Alternative to the Loss of Native Potatoes?

To address the economic challenges, Don Eleuterio Santos proposed reforesting all available land with trees to promote sustainable development. He noted that only 20% of the land in his community is suitable for small-scale agriculture. The rest, he believes, “can be used” for reforestation projects.

Santos argues that, amid the climate crisis and low agricultural income, reforestation could improve living conditions.

During his time abroad, he saw how trees are cared for in Chile and how timber is managed in Brazil. These experiences inspired him to push for forestation in his own community. “Other towns have shade. In ours, there’s not even a tree to rest under,” he says.

The territory currently hosts only tough grasses, some medicinal plants, and shrubs — no forests or trees. “Plants attract rain, give oxygen, protect the soil, and you can also harvest wood,” Santos emphasizes.

In late 2024 and early 2025, thanks to his initiative, they began planting 3,600 pino radiata seedlings, obtained through municipal support. His goal is to reach 40,000 trees in ten years — though that depends on the commitment of the community’s 20 members.

Eventually, he hopes to reforest the rest of the community with this species and native plants. Acquiring the seedlings remains a challenge.

Pino radiata is well-suited to the Andean climate.

To make use of the wood, pruning and animal protection will be necessary, explains Jesús Gómez, director of Productive Development and Environment for the municipality of Tacopaya.

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