Drug trafficking and smuggling take root in the Ayllus of Northern Potosí | Narcotráfico y contrabando se enquista en los Ayllus del Norte de Potosí

By Leny Chuquimia, Visión 360:

Conflicts in Llallagua reveal the situation

“Little Mexico” is the open secret that reigns in southern Oruro and spreads through the Potosí Altiplano; a corridor for smuggled vehicles, contraband, and drugs.

Punto de bloqueo en el que participaban ayllus del Norte de Potosí.  Foto: EFE

Blockade point with participation of Northern Potosí ayllus. Photo: EFE

“It’s an open secret,” says one of the residents of Northern Potosí who is closely following the conflicts in Llallagua. He prefers to remain anonymous, though what he says is murmured by many. “There have been weapons involved; it’s not just chullpas or sicoyas, it’s the smugglers, the narcos,” he warns.

Networks of drug traffickers, smugglers, and vehicle traffickers are embedding themselves in the warrior ayllus of Northern Potosí, taking advantage of the absence of the State and the region’s hardships. Their reach knows no bounds, as they cross the departmental border into southern Oruro, where another combative ayllu calls its region Little Mexico.

Image of armed individuals amid the conflict. Photo: Social media screenshot

Last Wednesday, June 11, four police officers were killed during an operation to lift the blockade on the road leading into Llallagua. The town had been isolated for ten days due to protests by Northern Potosí ayllus against the central government.

“The conflict in Llallagua is not just about the mobilized ayllus or all ayllus. There is a major component foreign to our ancestors, our ayllus, and our Indigenous peoples: drug trafficking,” explains Azucena Fuertes, departmental assembly member from Potosí.

Among the dead and wounded, bullet wounds were found. Authorities state that long-range weapons were used, requiring precision. They suggest that snipers might have been operating among the protesters and acting in a coordinated manner.

“Our objective was and continues to be to ensure free movement. However, along the way we encountered organized groups that used extreme violence with dynamite, rocks, and firearms handled by snipers,” says the Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs and Police, Jhonny Aguilera.

He adds that the goals of these groups are political, economic, and—in the case of Llallagua—linked to drug trafficking.

“This is an area known to have marijuana plantations and cocaine labs, which is why it’s been dubbed Little Mexico,” explains Bolivian Police Commander Augusto Russo.

He not only points to the area being a hotspot for illicit activity, but also highlights its connections with coca grower leader and former president Evo Morales Ayma, who has promoted mobilizations demanding his candidacy for the 2025 elections.

Fuertes states that this denouncement is not new, that armed groups were already active during the 2019 conflicts and no one did anything.

“It’s not new that there are armed individuals. Some are trained and equipped to face these situations. I fear that the historic and ancestral essence of the ayllus will now, unfortunately, be blended and confused with this armed presence primarily rooted in drug trafficking.”

The “Warrior Ayllus”

The region of Northern Potosí is known for its Indigenous ayllus, structured even before the Colonial era and still active despite various colonization processes. Whether through their participation in the Inca Empire’s army, the Katarist rebellion of 1780, or the Chayanta uprisings during the Republic, they are known as the “Warrior Ayllus of Northern Potosí.”

One only needs to recall the bloody clashes they had with ayllus from southern Oruro up until the 2000s, or observe the tinku ritual—one of their main ceremonies—to recognize their combative nature.

According to the “Atlas of the Ayllus of Northern Potosí, Territory of the Ancient Charka,” there are dozens of ayllus in that region, distributed across five zones. The ones from the Maximo Ayllu Chayanta are the most well-known. Some of them are also currently mobilized in Llallagua.

Northern Potosí ayllus marching in a previous conflict. Photo: FAOI NP

These “Major Ayllus” are nine: Puraka, Chayantaka, Aymaya, Kharacha, Phanakachi, Laymi (Laimes), Jukumani, Chullpa, and Sikuya (Sicoya).

“At this blockade point, the Chullpa and Sikuya Ayllus are mobilized. The Jukumani, Laymi, Chayantaka, and Phanakachi will join. We are firm,” states the spokesperson for the blockade committee in Lagunillas, Northern Potosí.

He claims their protest is not political, but a response to the economic crisis that has left them without food or fuel to work. A crisis, they argue, that cannot go on. But not everyone agrees, as the division affecting the country is also present among the ayllus.

“We, as the Sikuya Ayllu, declare that there was a change of authorities. The new ones held a meeting and there will be a general assembly. We call on the Chullpa Ayllu to enter into peaceful dialogue. Blockades in our own area do not solve the economic problems; they make the situation worse for our brothers,” says Tata Segundo Mayor Hilarión Cruz.

Those mobilized, including some sikuyas and jucumanis according to the list of detainees, claim that territory is theirs, including Llallagua. Their ancestral lands have been overlaid with provincial and later municipal jurisdictions.

“In Northern Potosí there are towns with large populations, such as Llallagua, Catavi, Siglo XX, and Uncía, now surrounded by various ayllus. These in turn border southern Oruro ayllus like the Qaqachacas. The conflicts—even over boundaries—go way back; this is where the Ayllus in Peace projects emerged from,” explains Fuertes.

“Ayllus in Peace” is part of the effort to pacify not only the northern Potosí zone but also southern Oruro. In this border area, steeped in extreme poverty, one of the most violent and long-standing internal struggles was waged for years between the Jukumanis and Laimes of Potosí and the Qaqachacas of Oruro.

Its origins date back centuries, even before Colonial times. For decades, these peoples engaged in bloody battles over fragmented territories that defied the territorial divisions imposed by the Colony and later the Republic.

To pacify and define their boundaries, on January 7, 2014, President Evo Morales enacted the Interdepartmental Delimitation Law between Oruro and Potosí and proclaimed an end to the ayllu wars. However, records show the last clash occurred in January 2000.

Chullpa Ayllu at the blockade point in Lagunillas. Photo: FAOI NP

One morning, the Qaqachacas of Avaroa Province in southern Oruro left 18 dead and 10 injured in an assault and arson attack on 25 homes in the community of Sora Sora, from the Laimes Ayllu. They carried weapons issued during the Chaco War.

Investigations determined the assault was retaliation for an attack a week earlier by the Laimes, which had left several injured. Up until that year, 2000, such assaults and attacks were frequent.

Although for years authorities announced peace efforts and even initiated disarmament, those attempts failed until the ayllus themselves sought a resolution. Archives from the newspaper El Potosí contain a photograph taken months after this last clash at the foot of Cerro Rico. It shows two ayllu leaders shaking hands in agreement for peace.

To maintain that peace and improve community conditions, many resources were invested and various projects implemented by international cooperation, NGOs, and different levels of government.

“Since 2021 we’ve approved specific projects for the ayllus, naming them directly, even synthetic turf fields and a project promoted by the Governor’s Office. Also, the Departmental Legislative Assembly has a MAS majority,” says the assembly member.

But in most cases, these projects don’t come on their own—they’re used as patronage tools to gain political support from the grassroots.

“In the last 20 years that MAS has been in power, the grassroots of these ayllus have been manipulated by bad leaders, bad Indigenous and peasant authorities. They are blackmailed into joining mobilizations. Their participation has been turned into a clientelist tool. But there are other forms of blackmail too—one based on land ownership,” the authority explains.

Land titling was carried out as TCO (Original Community Land). Families have plots for housing, farming, and raising animals, but the land doesn’t belong to them; it belongs to the community.

“Under the principle that land is communal, it can be used, but if it stops serving a social good, it can be taken back. That was the original principle; however, it’s been distorted into a form of blackmail. To get them into mobilizations, they are told their land will be taken. There are documented cases where this actually happened,” says Fuertes.

Little Mexico?  

“There are people with weapons, these are the Qaqachacas, Little Mexico,” says someone in a video taken at a blockade point in Llallagua on 11 June. It is not the only recording.

“This Little Mexico issue is under investigation; of course the Ministry of Government and the legally designated bodies must take the appropriate actions,” says the Minister of the Presidency, Marianela Prada.

Commander Russo stated that these illegal activities will be thoroughly investigated to combat crime and provide security for the population.

“We are cross‑checking information with different state bodies, such as Immigration, to identify people entering irregularly and demand their removal if necessary. We are also verifying the legal status of those who remain in the area to prevent illicit activities,” he said.

According to preliminary reports, Little Mexico is a settlement near Llallagua with pits for making cocaine and solar tents for growing marijuana—an area dominated by drug traffickers.

The complaint is not new. It is not just about drug trafficking or a single place.  

“Little Mexico has existed for years; its illegal activities are no secret, everyone knows. Its patron festivals, invitations, and bands that write songs for it are on social media. It is not in Llallagua (Potosí); it is in Challapata (Oruro), where there are snipers more and more often. But the issue is not confined to one place; it covers an entire region, a sort of corridor for crime,” says a source from the area.

In Qaqachaka territory there is a settlement somewhat removed from the main highway. It is small compared with other towns and controls the entry of outsiders or authorities. Nothing moves without their knowledge.

They are an ayllu from southern Oruro but border the ayllus of northern Potosí. The region’s rugged terrain, yet suitable for bridle paths, creates a corridor for networks dealing in stolen cars, contraband, and drug trafficking.

If you look for Little Mexico on social media you will undoubtedly find videos of its festivals. One in particular stands out.

“The mighty morenada of Little Mexico, Marka Qaqachaka, community Cotaña, its sponsors Hipólito Mamani Mamanillo, the popular Scanner, offer their warm greetings and invite all neighbors and relatives living in Bolivia and abroad, especially in Chile, to the festival to be held in the Qaqachaka community, Little Mexico,” says the invitation to the 2021 festival.

The alférez, “the popular Scanner,” is one of the most wanted vehicle traffickers in the country. In 2023 he was identified as a member of an international car‑theft ring. He fled after ambushing a Chilean family who had entered Challapata to recover their tractor‑truck.

An image from the broadcast of the festival in Little Mexico. Photo: Social media screenshot

At that time Deputy Enrique Urquidi denounced the existence of Little Mexico. He said complaints about smuggled stolen cars dated back to 2021 and that the Qaqachaka community had abandoned farming to produce cocaine, turning the region into a lawless territory.

But the background goes back much further and even extends into Potosí territory, showing how organized crime embeds itself in the region and the ayllus. In 2010 a story shocked the country: Indigenous people from northern Potosí lynched four officers of Oruro’s Directorate for the Prevention and Investigation of Vehicle Theft. Authorities could not even enter the region to recover the bodies.

The incident occurred in an Indigenous community in that region. Local authorities and other Indigenous leaders confirmed the killings and said the bodies had been buried in three different communities.

The then chief of Police for northern Potosí, Orlando Ávila, reported that there were snipers along the road. He said the ayllus, both from southern Oruro and northern Potosí, were heavily armed because they had long been buying and selling undocumented vehicles in the valleys and eastern regions of Bolivia.

It then became clear that it was not only the Qaqachaka community but several similar settlements across the entire region. The incident put the area on the authorities’ radar, and in 2014 they warned that drug trafficking was spreading to Challapata in Oruro and northern Potosí, pointing to the Qaqachakas.

Officers found marijuana plantations in Lagunillas. Photo: Screenshot

Around that time at least two shoot‑outs occurred in Challapata when vehicles carrying cocaine were intercepted. Since then there have been several reports of ambushes.

“These are poor regions; there are no crops, there is mining pollution, there are droughts… Criminals take advantage of this to draw the inhabitants into activities that generate income for them,” says the source consulted.

Departmental assembly member Herminio Fernández claims that at least ten communities have been involved in drug production since 2023, yet the authorities have taken no action.

Snipers

As assembly member Fuertes says, these kinds of ambushes are not new. On 23 November 2024 a convoy of police patrols was attacked while heading to clear the Oruro–Potosí highway.

As now, groups allied with Morales were blocking the road in defense of the coca‑grower leader, who faces an arrest warrant for trafficking. Political and economic slogans were added to the protest.

The long‑range shots were fired on the Challapata–Ventilla stretch. Five police vehicles were hit by projectiles that left holes in them. Two snipers were identified in the hills.

On 10 November 2019 another ambush occurred in the region, also in defense of Evo Morales. An armed group attacked a caravan of miners and university students traveling from Uyuni (Potosí) to La Paz to support protests against the president. The attack took place in the Playa Verde area on the Challapata–Huancané stretch.

“It is estimated that the shots came from a distance of between 400 and 700 meters in the hills, which suggests that long guns were used. During an on‑site inspection in April 2021 the GIEI found dozens of spent cartridges scattered on one of the hills from which the shots were fired,” states part of the final report of the Interdisciplinary Group of Independent Experts (GIEI) Bolivia on the events of 2019.

According to the technical assessment, the projectiles and casings were compatible with Mauser rifles using 7.65×53 mm Belgian‑made ammunition. However, the use of other war rifles could not be ruled out because the casings found also match other rifle models.

“There were five people wounded by gunfire. At that time we had already denounced the existence of Little Mexico on the stretch between Oruro and Potosí, but no one paid attention. The presence of armed people was warned,” Fuertes said.

The share of power

It may not be as visible as in the case of Andrónico Rodríguez or Leonardo Loza—power quotas of the Six Federations of the Tropics—but that does not mean there is no significant political influence in northern Potosí close to MAS, Luis Arce, or Evo Morales.

In the Departmental Legislative Assembly of Potosí there are 32 members, of whom 24 are from MAS. This large majority of blue seats was won mainly in northern Potosí.

In the Plurinational Legislative Assembly its clout was felt during the tenure of Israel Huaytari, a deputy from Potosí in the “arcista” wing of MAS, who presided over the lower house in 2024. Coming from the FAOI‑NP, he was investigated for illicit enrichment.

His sworn statement listed ten assets, a debt of 2.7 million bolivianos, assets of more than 600 000 bolivianos, and total income of 294 216 bolivianos. Several complaints were filed against him.

Deputy Antonio Colque, also from northern Potosí, said that Huaytari was not recognized by the social organizations in this region, whereas he himself was; he too is a MAS legislator but from the “evista” wing.

Colque was also accused. On 4 October 2022 an audio was circulated in which the deputy allegedly can be heard negotiating positions in the Judicial Branch with former Council of the Magistracy president Marvin Molina. Molina said the recording was made at a 2021 meeting. Colque denied the accusation.

Ayllus at the blockade points. Photo: FAOI NP

But beyond his seat, Colque is a heavyweight “evista” leader. In 2024, amid the roadblocks by groups allied with Morales, he led and supported the only blockade point in Potosí.

Another important leader in the region is the “evista” jiliri Apu Mallku of the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu (Conamaq), Ramiro Jorge Cucho, from the Charca Qhara Qhara “Warrior Ayllus.” Last November he was jailed for leading Unity Pact protests that caused a 24‑day roadblock in Cochabamba.

The measure cut off routes to the east and west of the country, causing economic losses of more than 2.2 billion dollars in productive sectors, according to the government. During the mobilizations he threatened to spill blood on the highways if Morales’s candidacy was disqualified.

On 29 April, after Jorge Cucho completed preventive detention, the FAOI‑NP—now mobilized in Llallagua—welcomed him with a delegation, flowers, cheers, celebration, and joy.

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