40 Years Later: Harvard and Bolivia’s Cyclical Crises | A 40 años de distancia, Harvard y las cíclicas crisis bolivianas

By Raúl Peñaranda, Brujula Digital;

Harvard returns to the center of Bolivia’s economic debate, 40 years after Sachs’ historic plan. Today, economist Hausmann leads a new analysis to confront the crisis. As in 1985, the university offers ideas, but decisions rest in Bolivian hands.

Marcelo Claure addresses the audience at Harvard. Behind him stands Professor Ricardo Hausmann.

Four decades later, Harvard University remains a focal point of Bolivian interest when confronting an economic crisis. In 1985, the country was experiencing annual inflation of 8,300%, which, if projected over the next 12 months, would have reached 24,000%.

It was Harvard University that, through economist Jeffrey Sachs, offered a solution—a way out of the crisis. Then a newly graduated PhD in Economics and one of Harvard’s youngest tenured professors at 28, Sachs laid the groundwork for what became Decree 21060.

Almost like magic, after 21060, inflation stopped, the devaluation ceased, and shortages ended. The measures were effective, though painful: gasoline prices increased tenfold, and inflation was controlled, but only after a general price hike. Over time, economic recovery began.

Forty years later, Bolivia is once again facing challenges triggered by governments that overspend, bloat the state, hinder formal private activity, and distort the economy. Policies similar to those of the early 1980s have plunged the country into its worst crisis in 40 years. And once again, Harvard University finds itself at the heart of the national debate.

Just as in 1985 the renowned professor Jeffrey Sachs engaged with the government plan, now it is Ricardo Hausmann, also a PhD in Economics and one of the most respected figures at the Kennedy School.

Hausmann and his team, known as the Harvard Growth Lab—which advises and provides information to countries around the world—were contracted thanks to the efforts of Bolivian businessman Marcelo Claure to conduct specific studies on Bolivia’s economic situation and outline future scenarios.

During the conference, Hausmann said that Bolivia still has to cross the desert until November, but the oasis will follow, because the country has a real chance of overcoming this crisis. He noted that if we can see the year 2000 as relatively recent (even though it was 25 years ago), we can also view 2050 as relatively close.

Hausmann believes that the coming months, and perhaps years, will bring many difficulties, but that by 2050 Bolivia could begin to transform its economy, diversify it, and reduce poverty and marginalization.

What Harvard offered in both 1985 and 2025 is a set of information to allow Bolivian decision-makers to determine the path forward. This time, the gathering was much larger than the first: 90 participants including businesspeople, experts, analysts, and journalists from Bolivia and the region attended, as well as six presidential candidates.

After the government of Luis Arce, the boliviano will need to be devalued and unified into a single realistic exchange rate with the dollar, eliminating the current distortion between the official and parallel rates. Additionally, fuel prices will need to be raised.

Marcelo Claure, together with Hausmann, were at the center of the debate over Bolivia’s aspirations and possibilities. The Harvard seminar envisioned a country that resolves its issues, redirects itself toward development, empowers the private sector, and makes the state more efficient, less bureaucratic, and better at fulfilling its specific roles.

Forty Years Ago

Ronald MacLean, who had served as minister in the late 1970s and earned a master’s degree at Harvard, is the only person who participated in both meetings. He was tasked by Hugo Banzer in late 1984 with drafting a stabilization plan to be implemented after the UDP era. In an interview with Brújula Digital, MacLean recalled how he began meeting with economists of the time in various La Paz offices to outline the government plan. Attendees included David Blanco, Tuto Villa, Willy Vargas, Rafael Peñaranda, and others.

But MacLean felt the meetings weren’t productive. He came up with the idea to visit Harvard and organize a kind of conclave that might yield concrete results.

David Blanco had studied with Jeffrey Sachs at Harvard and was the contact with the now-renowned economist. Once the trip was confirmed, the Bolivian delegation included, besides MacLean and Blanco, Willy Vargas, Fernando Knaut, Juan Careaga, Jorge Balcázar, Álvaro Ugalde, Luis Iturralde, and Mauro Bertero. On the U.S. side, professors such as Samuel Huntington, Joseph Nye, John Thomas, Nancy Pyle, and Jorge Domínguez participated. They rotated through the room assigned to the Bolivians, offering their insights and answering questions. However, according to MacLean, “the one who really got enthusiastic was Jeffrey Sachs.”

“There’s a difference between the two meetings,” MacLean said. “The recent one was an academic event, full of information and participation from specialists, but it wasn’t aimed at creating a government plan. The 1985 meeting had that purpose.”

“We brought a plan to Harvard, and what Jeffrey did was refine it. He enhanced it. What Jeffrey Sachs had, with his brilliant mind, was an amazing ability to simplify things,” MacLean recalled. “After Jeffrey Sachs explains something, it seems obvious—but not before he does.”

The original plan the Bolivians brought was a mix of monetarist and gradualist ideas, due to the diversity of views in the team. While MacLean says he already held a liberal economic vision, not everyone shared it. It was Sachs who convinced the group that “gradualism wasn’t the way to go.”

After the Harvard meeting, MacLean traveled with Juan Careaga to Washington to speak with representatives of international organizations. There, they met Katherine Marshall, president of the World Bank and granddaughter of General Marshall, author of the Marshall Plan. They secured support commitments to help resolve the crisis.

Unlike 1985, when technical solutions were sought, today’s problem is political. From his perspective, liberal measures cannot be implemented without also thinking about the political context.

He emphasized that a key moment of the seminar was the panel featuring Gonzalo Mendieta, Sayuri Loza, and Andrés Gómez. “That panel changed the discussion at Harvard because it emphasized the social and political challenges that the incoming government will face after the phase of tough measures,” he concluded.

Jeffrey Sachs’ Famous Book

In his acclaimed 2007 book The End of Poverty, Sachs recounts how a chance encounter got him involved in Bolivia’s history and changed his life—from being a macroeconomist to becoming one of the world’s most renowned development experts.

“As a young faculty member at Harvard, I taught many classes and received great praise, published extensively, and was on a fast academic track, becoming a tenured professor in 1983 at age 28,” the author wrote.

He adds, “Then my life changed. I got a note from a former Bolivian student asking if I would meet a group of his fellow countrymen visiting campus. The student, David Blanco, had been Bolivia’s Minister of Economy in the 1970s.”

Sachs continues: “At the start of the meeting, a young Bolivian named Ronald MacLean, a Kennedy School graduate who would later become mayor of La Paz and a great friend of mine, stood up and opened the seminar by describing Bolivia’s astonishing hyperinflation—the likes of which I had never imagined. His talk, I still remember, began with a scene from the booming black market on La Paz’s Avenida Camacho, where massive sums of bolivianos were being frantically exchanged for dollars.”

Sachs adds that “at one point in the seminar, I raised my hand and disagreed with a point that had been made. Walking confidently to the chalkboard, I said, ‘Here’s how this works.’ When I finished, a voice from the back of the room called out, ‘Well, if you’re so smart, why don’t you come to La Paz and help us?’ I laughed, and the same voice called again: ‘I’m serious.’”

It was Carlos Iturralde, a political figure who would later become Foreign Minister, Minister of the Presidency, and Ambassador to the U.S.

According to Sachs, the group told him they were looking for an economic advisor. “I was bewildered. I didn’t even know exactly where in South America Bolivia was.”

The group said they’d call him again if they won the election. It was May 1985. In early July, MacLean called: “We won the election—pack your bags.”

On August 6, 1985, after a congressional runoff—then required in Bolivia—Víctor Paz was sworn in as president despite placing second in the election. Banzer, the actual winner, supported the new government and offered it the plan born at Harvard. Paz enacted Decree 21060. The rest is history.

BD/RPU

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