Keynes vs. Hayek: the Economic Debate That Will Define the Elections | el debate económico que definirá las elecciones

By Hugo Siles Espada, Brújula Digital:

John Maynard Keynes (left) & Friedrich Hayek

This coming August 17, Bolivia will not only elect a new president, but also its economic future. The country faces a historic crossroads: will it continue with the statist model that has dominated the last two decades, return to the free market approach of the 1990s, or seek a balance between the two? This is the debate that currently divides the 10 presidential pre-candidates and revives the classic battle between John Maynard Keynes and Friedrich Hayek.

Two Decades, Two Models

Bolivia has experienced two opposing economic cycles over the past 40 years:

The Neoliberal Experiment (1985–2006)

Privatizations, trade liberalization, and deregulation under the logic of Supreme Decree 21060. Moderate growth (an annual average of 4.2%), but with high inequality. It was a time of macroeconomic stability, but also of social exclusion.

The Statist Era (2006–2025)

Nationalizations, price controls (fuel, wages, credit), and State expansion. Poverty reduction (from 60% to 37%), but with a recent crisis (GDP decline since 2015). The model showed social progress, but low productivity. Since 2014, it has registered fiscal and trade deficits following the end of the commodity boom.

The Current Dilemma: State or Market?

Statism’s defenders (such as MAS and Andrónico Rodríguez, Eduardo Del Castillo, Eva Copa) argue: without state control, prices would skyrocket and social gains would be lost. Example: freezing the price of gasoline prevented protests but costs over $2 billion in annual subsidies.

Liberals (Jorge Quiroga, Jaime Dunn, Antonio Saravia) counter: the State can’t keep spending more than it takes in. “The fiscal deficit (8.5% of GDP) is unsustainable.” They propose easing price controls on goods and services, labor market flexibility, opening up exports, and attracting private investment.

The Third Way (Manfred Reyes Villa, Samuel Doria Medina, Rodrigo Paz) seeks a mix: neither an omnipresent State nor a savage market. Smart regulations are needed.

What Could Happen in 2025?

If statism wins: subsidies and controls will continue, but with the risk of larger fiscal and trade deficits, high depreciation of the boliviano, and inflation. Low GDP growth, low private investment, and high informality.

If free market wins: an initial economic adjustment (price increases), but potential medium-term recovery. Liberalization of prices for goods and services, managed exchange rate float, fuel price adjustments. GDP growth initially low, then moderate. Increased private investment. Openness to external markets.

If the Third Way wins: social policies with clear rules for investors. The challenge: avoiding the gray zones that led to crises in Argentina or Ecuador.

The Final Word

“Bolivia is neither purely Keynes nor purely Hayek. It needs a model tailored to itself,” economist Armando Méndez once stated. As the candidates prepare for debate, one thing is clear: the election outcome will determine not only who governs, but also what kind of economy Bolivians will inherit for the next 20 years.

What do you think? Should Bolivia maintain state control of the economy? Or is it time to give the market more space?

Hugo Siles is an economist and social communicator.

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