Bolivia: its music and dances without a pre-Columbian past | su música y danzas sin pasado… precolombino

By Franklin E. Alcaraz, El Dia:

Talking about music and dances in this pre-electoral period and during a severe crisis (the government says there is no crisis—should we laugh or cry?) may seem untimely and inappropriate, but we will do it because, as my wife says, it’s better now, “before we forget” (the topic).

On social media, there is an intense debate between Bolivians and Peruvians about Bolivian music and dances, which Peruvians love so much that they go to great lengths to “prove” that our music and dances also belong to them. Their strongest argument is that Bolivian music is Andean (which is partially true) and, therefore, also a “heritage” of the Andean part of Peru, given that its population is similar to Bolivia’s and inhabits an extension of the same geographical area—a weak argument when we analyze history. Their second argument is that Aymara/Quechua music comes from time immemorial and that the ethnic origins of both groups are in Peru. Another argument driven more by emotion than by historical foundation.

Supporters of pre-Columbian “civilizations” do not like to hear or read that the ethnic groups inhabiting what we now call America, from north to south and east to west, did not know, for example, the wheel. Even though they saw it in the sun, the moon, or even used it in some utensils, they never thought of applying it as a means of transportation. They also had no writing system (except for the Mayans), and while they knew how to produce bronze, they did not use it for instruments, weapons, or tools as in Europe. In this regard, I recommend reading Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond, which explains why some civilizations developed and others did not. The book won the Pulitzer Prize in 1997.

Regarding music and dance, none of the American civilizations (or “native” civilizations, for those who prefer that term) from north to south and east to west reached the level of European or Asian musical development by the time the Europeans arrived on our continent. The music of that time in our lands was pentatonic. “Little is known about records of ancestral music from indigenous, mestizo, or Black groups in colonial society, except for references from travelers or chroniclers. No written records remain simply because it was transmitted orally and, being of a secular nature, was not documented on paper. It has only been recovered through the work of musicologists such as the eminent Carlos Vega. Regarding popular music, references are also scattered, as records of official or religious bans on certain dances or places exist. Another case for analysis is rural music, whose repertoire has reached us transformed into folklore that still uses the pentatonic scale instead of the European diatonic scale” (Plesch, M. and Huseby, G., cited by Eduardo Areas and Jorge Rigueiro García in Colonial American Music (17th and 18th Centuries: A Space for the Encounter of Two Worlds, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Rosario, Argentina, 2005).

During the time when everyone was considered Spanish (because Bolivia was never a colony but rather part of Spain), the predominant music was religious, brought mainly by the Jesuits (Idem).

Another topic is whether modern music has received some degree of native influence, but there is no doubt that the current folkloric music of all Latin American countries is fundamentally republican. And it is not pentatonic. Who can argue otherwise? Can anyone claim that taquirari, carnavalito, chovena, morenada, diablada, saya, or caporal—among many other rhythms and dances—are “original pentatonic” music? No, just as the Mexican corrido, Cuban son, Colombian cumbia, or Peruvian waltz are not either. It sounds almost ridiculous to say that cumbia, for example, originated in Argentina, Bolivia, or Peru. Of course, people in these countries sing, dance, and now compose cumbias with their own styles, but who disputes that cumbia originated in Colombia?

This is how Peruvians who plagiarize and alter the lyrics of Bolivian music to claim them as their own should behave: with honesty. No, today’s music is republican and originated within the current borders of the different countries. That is how it was born and how it spreads. Period.

Franklin E. Alcaraz Del C. | Columnist Journalist

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