From Hunters to Guardians: Communities Strive to Save the Red-Fronted Macaw | De cazadores a guardianes: comunidades luchan por salvar a la paraba frente roja

By NICOLE VARGAS/MONGABAY; Opinión:

Through the efforts of indigenous community members, the bird population increased from 807 to 1,160 individuals over 10 years. They installed nesting boxes to improve reproduction and planted food sources for the species.

Un grupo de parabas Frente Roja en la reserva en Omereque./  Mileniusz Spanowicz- MONGABAY
A group of Red-Fronted Macaws in the Omereque Reserve./ Mileniusz Spanowicz- MONGABAY

At 62 years old, Simón Pedrazas is learning to use a cellphone to monitor the activity of the Red-Fronted Macaw in the locality of Omereque, in southern Cochabamba, Bolivia. His thick, calloused hands, marked by years of fieldwork, sometimes make it difficult for him to take notes on the screen, and he often struggles to find the right words to describe what he observes. For nearly two decades, this endemic bird has been endangered due to trafficking and indiscriminate hunting. Back then, Pedrazas was among the locals who captured chicks to sell them at meager prices. Today, he regrets it. He does not deny his share of responsibility, but he now works as a park ranger to remedy the damage and save the species from extinction.

“The greatest responsibility lay with others. People from other places would come to these cliffs located in Bolivia’s dry inter-Andean valleys and capture the macaws with nets to later sell them. They were wildlife traffickers. Seeing how marketable the macaw was, we would take the chicks and sell them at the price of a dead chicken. I can’t lie,” Pedrazas admits. He recalls being paid up to 50 bolivianos ($7) per chick; once trafficked, the Red-Fronted Macaw would reach Europe, where its value increased exponentially.

Being a victim of wildlife trafficking, combined with the drastic impacts of climate change, reduced the Red-Fronted Macaw (Ara rubrogenys) population to the brink of extinction. It was in this context that the Red-Fronted Community Nature Reserve was established in 2006. Managed by three indigenous communities—San Carlos, Perereta, and Amaya, which make up the Subcentral Perereta social organization in Omereque—this reserve has, since its inception, allowed the macaw population to grow little by little, contributing to its conservation.

A HOME AMONG THE CLIFFS

Omereque is located about five hours from the center of Cochabamba. To reach the reserve, one must travel over 250 kilometers along an asphalt road that transitions into a rocky dirt path. As visitors approach, the landscape reveals reddish soil adorned only with cacti, goats wandering freely, and thorny trees. The region is hot most of the year and frequently plagued by drought. Despite these conditions, it is fertile land where Quechua indigenous communities cultivate vegetables and fruits.

The Asociación Armonía arrived in Omereque in the early 2000s, drawn by the area’s abundance of bird species. Researchers and founders Bennett Hennessey and Sebastian Herzog identified the presence of the red-fronted macaw in these territories.

In 2005, they purchased part of the reserve’s land, which now covers 50 hectares, and began collaborating with the San Carlos, Perereta, and Amaya communities to promote community-based and birdwatching tourism. The central idea was for local residents to take ownership of the project and sustain it over the long term.

In 2009, the red-fronted macaw was classified as Critically Endangered in Bolivia’s Red Book of Wild Vertebrate Fauna. Later, in 2018, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) also listed it as Critically Endangered.

The red-fronted macaw measures between 55 and 60 cm and can live up to 70 years. While most of its feathers are green, its distinguishing feature is its red forehead that extends to the crown, and its tail features blue-green tones on top and yellow underneath. It inhabits the dry inter-Andean valleys of Cochabamba, Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, and Potosí. The bird nests in the inaccessible crevices of rocky cliffs near the Mizque, Caine, Grande, and Pilcomayo rivers, as well as in agricultural areas, feeding on soto (Schinopsis brasiliensis), carob (Prosopis silocuastrum), and quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) trees, as well as peanut and corn crops.

This species is monogamous, meaning that if one bird in a pair dies or is captured, the other will not reproduce again. Chicks can take up to five years to reach reproductive maturity, which also hampers population growth. Moreover, the macaws lay eggs only every two or three years. “All of this makes it a very vulnerable species. If its population is impacted, recovery is slow,” explains Guido Saldaña, coordinator of the Red-fronted Macaw Program at Asociación Armonía.

By 2021, there were 1,160 macaws according to the most recent census conducted by Armonía. The Red-fronted Macaw Community Nature Reserve hosts the largest reproductive colony of this species: 41.6% of the birds are located along the Mizque River, where the Subcentral Perereta is situated. Similarly, over half of the reproductive pairs (52.8%) were found in the Mizque River basin, where the reserve is located.

To support population growth in the reserve, Armonía installed nesting boxes after scientists observed that macaws often compete with other birds and struggle to find space to lay their eggs.

This strong instinct to protect their nests is evident in the reserve, where one macaw can often be seen standing still at the nest entrance. Saldaña explains that its partner is inside caring for the chick while it stands guard to keep predators away.

At least 10 of these nesting boxes—measuring 45 cm wide by 60 cm long—were installed in 2021. Saldaña notes that they are placed outside the breeding season and away from natural nests to avoid disturbing the birds. The macaws do not use the boxes as they are but modify them to suit their needs.

In the Red-fronted Macaw Community Nature Reserve, there are 28 nests created by the macaws, distributed across four rocky cliffs. When scientists first arrived in the early 2000s, there were more nests, and they believe the decline is due to a lack of food for the birds. “In 2005, the area had denser vegetation with more food sources. From then to now, the habitat has deteriorated. That could be one reason,” says Saldaña.

Armonía researcher Teodoro Camacho and Simón Pedrazas are responsible for monitoring the nests. Their work begins at 5:30 a.m. with the first of two daily evaluations, a meticulous task that involves checking each nest across the four cliffs. Sometimes the heat is oppressive, but it does not deter them from fulfilling their mission.

FROM “PEST” TO EMBLEMATIC SPECIES

The relationship between the red-fronted macaw and the indigenous communities of the Perereta Subcentral was not always amicable. “We saw them as harmful to us,” recalls Pedrazas.

The macaws fed on the maize and peanut crops planted by the communities, earning them the label of a “pest.” It wasn’t until the arrival of the Armonía organization that the locals understood the exceptional value of this endemic species, which they had previously considered ordinary.

“They told us this bird exists only in Bolivia. Seeing that, we wanted to raise awareness. The macaw used to be a predator, harmful, eating our maize,” Filemón Soto, who served as the leader of the Perereta Subcentral from 2006 to 2023, told Mongabay Latam. During those years, Soto supported the process of establishing the reserve, from the initial meetings with locals to improving the tourism services now offered.

“It was complicated,” he says, recalling those years. “The goal was to move forward. That was our vision, the one shared by the elders,” says Soto, 61, referring to his companion Simón Pedrazas. Both had hunted macaws when they were unaware of their importance, as a means to provide for their families, albeit meagerly.

The awareness-building process was slow. Community members like Pedrazas and Soto passed on what they learned from scientists such as Guido Saldaña and other Armonía technicians to the younger generation, often encountering resistance. “It was very difficult to raise awareness among the grassroots,” Soto says.

Despite the challenges, progress came gradually. The three communities—San Carlos, Perereta, and Amaya—formed the Perereta Subcentral, an organization dedicated to protecting the macaw. In 2006, they established the Red-Fronted Macaw Community Natural Reserve, managed by a committee with representatives from each community.

The reserve’s early years were crucial in gaining the support of the three communities. “Now people are aware of how important the macaw is and know they must protect it,” Soto adds.

In 2023, Simón Pedrazas and Filemón Soto stepped down from their administrative roles to make way for the younger generation.

Wilfredo Vargas, 32, is the new president of the committee. Along with Macario Guzmán and Limber Rojas, he represents a new generation of young indigenous leaders continuing Pedrazas and Soto’s legacy.

Vargas emphasizes that his leadership focuses on protecting the macaw and strengthening community awareness. He recalls that as a child, his parents sent him to chase away the birds, but over time he learned not to harm them.

ORNITHOLOGICAL TOURISM: A SUSTAINABLE SUPPORT FOR THE RESERVE

In addition to the red-fronted macaw, the reserve is home to more than 200 bird species, including Andean condors, parrots, and raptors. Noteworthy are the Bolivian blackbird (Oreopsar bolivianus) and the cliff parakeet (Myiopsitta luchsi), as they are endemic to Bolivia.

This unique privilege inspired the community members to transform the reserve into an ideal destination for birdwatching enthusiasts. However, as with everything else, this endeavor was not easy. The members of the Armonía organization had to train themselves alongside the locals to meet the demands of tourists visiting Omereque.

One of the lessons learned was that results are not immediate. Patience is essential. They recall that in 2008, when they began receiving visitors, only 10 tourists came. Yet they persisted, and by 2023, they set a record with 137 visitors, most of them foreigners.

Álex Giménez, in charge of tourism for the Armonía Association, explains that the reserve is now more established and efforts are focused on improving services. Additionally, he mentions that they do not promote mass tourism but rather niche tourism for bird enthusiasts. “What we are doing now is giving the committee the tools to develop in this field,” he says.

One of Giménez’s projects involves training community members to become local guides by learning about birds and acquiring other skills that will help them grow, such as studying English, enabling them to communicate with foreign visitors.

Pedrazas asserts that one of the greatest motivations is seeing the growth of the Red-Fronted Macaw Reserve, reflected in increased economic benefits while protecting the macaw. The income from tourism is allocated to education, health, basic services, sports, and other needs in the three communities, which, according to the leaders of the Perereta Subcentral, are home to approximately 150 families.

CURRENT THREATS

Despite the reserve’s establishment as a vital space for preserving the red-fronted macaw, there are still threats that concern biologists like Guido Saldaña.

One issue that has worsened over the years is the drought caused by climate change. This has made the species’ natural food increasingly scarce. “Recovering the forests of the inter-Andean dry valleys would take years upon years; it would require a lot of time,” Saldaña states.

To mitigate this problem, community members planted peanuts, a fast-growing crop, so the macaws can find food. They are also thinking long-term, reforesting with soto, carob, mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), and molle (Schinus molle) trees to provide food for the birds in 10 to 20 years.

Climate change also exacerbates challenges for the local population. Vargas notes that the dry season now begins earlier and becomes increasingly severe over time. Conversely, rainfall has become less abundant. “We are looking for other ways to survive and defend ourselves against this climate change,” he says.

“Another major issue is still trafficking,” says Saldaña. He explains that although community members are now more aware of the need to protect the red-fronted macaw, the bird’s distribution is extensive. Macaws living in areas where training has not yet reached or where there is no economic benefit for their protection remain at risk of trafficking.

Additionally, with the reduction of food due to droughts, the birds are forced to extend their flight range and feed on crops they encounter along the way. “Many people still hunt them, while others poison their crops to kill the birds,” the biologist laments.

THE ROAD AHEAD

“We’ve been working with the communities here for many years, but that doesn’t mean we have it all figured out or that we have the ultimate formula. We have an idea, but every context is different,” explains Saldaña, emphasizing the challenges that still lie ahead.

The participation of community members is key to the reserve’s growth. Over two years ago, Simón Pedrazas decided to join the nest monitoring efforts after other community members suggested he take on the responsibility. “I’m learning how to do the monitoring, but I still have a lot to learn. It’s not easy. I know I’ll get the hang of it over time,” he says.

They use a special application to record the necessary information, which has been a challenge for Pedrazas, a man accustomed to farming but now learning to handle technological tools.

Pedrazas’ vitality is admired by fellow community members and Armonía technicians alike. A farmer at heart, he doesn’t neglect his crops but makes time for monitoring the macaws. His eagerness to learn is evident.

“We want to continue this work of protection, not just for the macaws but for all the birds in the reserve. It excites us that, thanks to the macaws and all the little birds here, we receive money for education and health,” he says.

His vision is shared by his peer, Filemón Soto, who, after nearly two decades, has handed over leadership to the next generation of leaders. “I feel very happy to have achieved something for the youth. What we’re working on isn’t for us—it needs to be shared. It’s the young people who must carry it forward,” Soto affirms.

It’s a sunny March morning in the reserve. The sun is shining brightly. Simón Pedrazas picks up his binoculars and says, “I’m observing nest 10, but we haven’t seen any macaws yet.” He notes his observations on his phone, mentioning that later he’ll water his vegetable crops before returning for the afternoon monitoring session. Meanwhile, he shares his hopes for the community: “I hope the children take on everything we’ve accomplished so far. My vision is for them to take the lead in conservation.”

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