Pititas 101: Political persecution and a collapsing MAS | Persecución política y un masismo que se desploma

By Juan Carlos Veliz, Eju.tv:

How did Bolivia’s so-called “Revolution of the Pititas” end up in a terrorism trial?

The oral trial that was to begin today in a court in the city of La Paz was postponed until October 17 because the Penitentiary Regime did not transfer the main defendants in the case. 

The 2019 protests began after irregularities were recorded in the vote count of that year’s October elections. / Photo: Archive

The judiciary in Bolivia is handling one of the most complex cases in its history. For the Prosecutor’s Office and President Luis Arce’s government, it was a “coup d’état” against former President Evo Morales in November 2019, while for the opposition and human rights activists, it is a “political trial” that will end up in international courts to seek redress for the rights of the “persecuted.”

The origin of the oral trial in the so-called “Coup d’État I” case, which was postponed this morning to October 17, is the citizen mobilization known as the “revolution of the pititas” that began in September and culminated with the resignation of then-President Evo Morales on November 10, 2019.

But how did a massive citizen mobilization end up in a trial for terrorism, criminal association, and other crimes?

“This is a political trial; the one who should have been present as the accused is Mr. Evo Morales, the author of the most massive fraud in democracy,” said former President Carlos Mesa this morning, who was summoned to testify as a witness on the first day of the trial. 

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Citizen platforms, mainly composed of young people, took to the streets after the October 20, 2019, elections when the Organization of American States (OAS) audit revealed deliberate manipulation of the election results, favoring Evo Morales, who was then seeking a third reelection.

The former president intended to run for a third term despite the State’s Constitution allowing only one reelection, and a February 21, 2016, referendum establishing that Morales could not run for the presidency again.

Carlos Mesa, the candidate aiming for a runoff against Morales, denounced a “monumental fraud.”

Citizen mobilizations grew, particularly in capital cities, with main roads being blocked using ropes, chairs, or Bolivian flags, hence the term “pititas.”

Morales mocked this unprecedented citizen mobilization on several occasions. “Two or three people are blocking roads with little ropes, what kind of strike is that? I could give workshops or a seminar on how to organize marches properly,” he said defiantly on October 24, as the protests began.

However, the fraud allegations gained momentum, with Santa Cruz becoming the epicenter of discontent, holding mass rallies led by then-civic leader Luis Fernando Camacho, who is now facing charges related to the “coup d’état” case.

Despite the fraud accusations, the Supreme Electoral Tribunal declared Evo Morales the winner of the 2019 general elections in the first round, which escalated tensions. Protesters went from denouncing electoral fraud to demanding Morales’ resignation by early November.

On November 2, Bolivian civic committees issued a 48-hour ultimatum for Morales to resign, with Camacho tasked with delivering the resignation letter in La Paz.

On November 4, Camacho was blocked at El Alto International Airport by police and Morales supporters but finally reached La Paz on the night of November 5, under police escort, evading loyalists’ blockades.

During those days, clashes between civilians led to fatalities in Montero (Santa Cruz) and Cochabamba, and there were attacks on MAS authorities, such as Vinto’s mayor (Cochabamba), Patricia Arce, who was humiliated and beaten by opposition groups.

On November 7, violence reached La Paz, with Evo Morales’ supporters, including thousands of public employees, clashing with university students and citizen platforms. The unrest extended to the gates of the Casa Grande del Pueblo.

The government closed Plaza Murillo with police and groups to prevent protesters from reaching the political center.

On November 8, Morales declared from Desaguadero (La Paz) that he would not resign: “The right says, and I want you all to know, Evo must resign. I want to tell you all, my brothers and sisters, across Bolivia and the world: I will not resign. We were elected by the people; we respect the Constitution, and we will defend our process,” he stated.

Nevertheless, from that afternoon until Saturday, November 9, police mutinies occurred in Cochabamba, La Paz, and Santa Cruz, with officers retreating to their barracks, leaving citizens unprotected. This weakened the defense of the political center, and the “self-defense” groups, later labeled as “irregular groups,” accessed the political hub of Bolivia, showing support for the police entrenched at UTOP.

On November 10, 2019, the OAS published its electoral audit report, revealing irregularities in vote counting, falsified records, and forged signatures.

The damning results precipitated Morales’ downfall. That Sunday, he announced new elections, nullified the previous election results, and dismissed the Supreme Electoral Tribunal members, but these measures failed to quell the citizen protests, which intensified, with increased attacks on government officials’ properties. 

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That day, allies such as the Bolivian Workers’ Center (Central Obrera Boliviana), the Office of the Ombudsman, and the Armed Forces distanced themselves from the government and called for Morales’ resignation to “pacify” the country. The “suggestion” from the Armed Forces, then commanded by Williams Kalimán, a military leader loyal to Evo Morales, strengthened the argument that a “coup d’état” was underway.

That Sunday afternoon, unusual activity was observed at El Alto Airport and in the Cochabamba tropics region. Morales and his then-Vice President, Álvaro García Linera, announced their resignations in a press conference.

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Two days later, both Morales and García Linera left the country on a Mexican Air Force plane with political asylum, while Bolivia experienced a power vacuum due to the resignation of all the authorities in the constitutional line of succession provided for in the Constitution.

Áñez, who at that time was the second vice president of the Senate, assumed the presidency for one year until Luis Arce took office.

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During the early phase of Luis Arce’s administration, former MAS deputy Lidia Patty filed a complaint against former Santa Cruz civic leader Luis Fernando Camacho, alleging a “coup d’état” against former president Evo Morales.

The complaint was accepted by the Prosecutor’s Office and supported by President Luis Arce’s government, to the extent that the oral, public, and contradictory trial was set to begin today. However, the proceedings were postponed because the Penitentiary Regime did not bring the main defendants to court: former president Jeanine Áñez, former Santa Cruz civic leader Luis Fernando Camacho, and former Potosí civic leader Marco Antonio Pumari.

The main political leaders of the citizen mobilizations were arrested and prosecuted and now face the court as they await the judicial decision. They are charged with crimes such as terrorism, which carries a sentence of 20 years in prison.

For former president Carlos Mesa, the trial is political because it does not address the “biggest fraud” in the country’s democratic history, referring to the manipulation of the 2019 general election results.

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