MAS Cheap Politicking 101 – Politiquería barata del MAS 101

By Manfredo Kempff, El Deber:

Race or Power?

From the predominantly indigenous Upper Peru and later independent Bolivia, a progressively more mestizo nation emerged over time, with some cities where an important Criollo patronage of Hispanic lineage existed and dominated. Without statistics at hand, it can be estimated that at the beginning of the last century, half or even 60% of the population was indigenous, with the rest being mestizo and about 10% being white, totaling slightly over 100,000 inhabitants. Bolivia was then an indigenous nation, just as it is now predominantly mestizo. The indigenous people, mostly farmers, left the countryside and moved to the cities throughout the 20th century due to their perpetual poverty and the disillusionment brought by the National Revolution, which supposedly would liberate them. Mestizaje evolved so significantly that today, without a doubt and by a wide margin, it represents the majority of the Bolivian population. The countryside has become depopulated while the cities have grown, with El Alto in La Paz being the clearest example.

Faced with the slow development of a country mired in constant political crises in the early ’90s, struggling to return to democracy, pay its debts, and with low commodity prices, Evo Morales and the Movement for Socialism (MAS) emerged, condemning alleged sectarian, exclusionary governments that only interacted among themselves and ignored the indigenous people, who supposedly made up over 80% of the population. This was a lie, but a useful tool for politics. Of the 80% Morales referred to, no more than 30% were actually indigenous, with the rest being mestizos. Indeed, more than half of the Bolivian population is mestizo, across the Andes, valleys, and plains.

García Linera was the eloquent and fanciful ideologue aiming to transform Bolivia into an indigenous state, which, as a condition, had to be presided over by an indigenous person. Before him, David Choquehuanca was already the nebulous and mysterious sorcerer of deep “Aymarism,” a folkloric necromancer who, with Roman augur-like pretensions, denounced the “karas” (whites) and predicted (still predicts) a promising future for Bolivia alongside Mother Earth and the Sun God. The only person who didn’t care about indigenous people, mestizos, cholos, or white “karas” was Evo Morales, who was not focused on anyone’s skin color but had his sights set on the presidential sash. Of course, for this, he needed a stirring, emotional, and convincing speech that diverged from the erratic and impoverished “pacted democracy,” and there was no other theme than the plight of the unfortunate indigenous people despised by the whites, humiliated and excluded by inhuman outsiders in their own ancestral land. Morales used himself as an example of the abuse by foreigners and descendants of Spanish conquerors, telling sad stories, real or fabricated, that touched hearts both inside and outside Bolivia. The indigenous discourse caught on quickly because it was daring, proposed change, and seemed sincere.

In his second electoral attempt in 2005, Morales won the presidential elections and began implementing changes with a new vision for the country that surprised many and garnered widespread popular support. In February 2009, the new Constitution was promulgated, leading to the refoundation of Bolivia, establishing the Plurinational State inspired by democratic and cultural revolution, community socialism, and a series of new norms including a five-year term with one continuous reelection, and the novelty of a runoff if the winning candidate did not secure more than 50% in the first vote.

Ethnicities interested Morales only as the grand facade of his Plurinational State, though his main concern was his love for power. Pachamama (left to Choquehuanca) no longer mattered; what was important was maintaining his position, first in the old palace and then in the pharaonic building. Morales ran for office five times, deceitfully bypassing the Constitution and a referendum that prohibited it, and today keeps the nation in suspense by demanding acceptance for a sixth candidacy.

Morales will continue his pursuit to regain power to settle scores with those who abandoned him and, above all, to feel his control over the country. His yearning for lordship and superiority is such that he is willing to provoke a catastrophe to secure his candidacy and even threaten the stability of President Arce’s administration if necessary.

Morales is uninterested in the indigenous race or its survival and disregards mestizos entirely. His only devotion is returning to power because he believes it is his rightful place.

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