In colonial Potosí, January 1 was election day | En el Potosí colonial, el 1 de enero era día de elecciones

Juan José Toro Montoya, El Potosi:

By vote, the composition of the Secular Chapter was partially renewed.

But it was not a democratic practice. Starting in 1562, the Imperial Villa of Potosí had a town hall; that is, a collegiate body that dealt with civil and criminal issues, and, although there was the figure of the magistrate and mayor, the highest authority in a city that, by then, was one of the most important in the world. The members of this body were called capitulars, but they were better known as mayors, since they held those positions, but for certain matters. The ordinary and cadañero mayors were elected on January 1 of each year.

Both the existence of the council and the annual election of the aforementioned mayors were a consequence of the capitulation that Viceroy Diego López de Zúñiga conferred on Potosí on November 21, 1561, exempting it from the jurisdiction of the city of La Plata. This document is the one that established that the positions of capitulars could be perpetual or, failing that, last up to 35 years, so those who wanted to exercise them had to grant guarantees that were renewed periodically.

No documentation has been reported that explains how the first council was formed, but in the books of agreements, which are guarded by the National Archive and Library of Bolivia (ABNB), recently registered as UNESCO Memory of the World, there is that of the January 1, 1586 in which you can read that, that day, Luis de San Román and Gonzalo Santos were elected as ordinary mayors while Luis Hernández, Antonio de Salas, Pedro de Aguilar, Álvaro de Lira, Alonso Brasa and Juan of Torres Machuca were voted for cadañero councilors, a position that was renewed annually.

These authorities were chosen due to what was stipulated in the Capitulation of Potosí and that the council was made up of other mayors. For example, on that date, Juan de Pendones and Captain Luis García de Melo were mayors of the Santa Hermandad, an organization established to ensure security, equivalent to the police.

Diego de Robles Cornejo was the treasurer; Luis de Carvajal temporarily served as mayor of mines and mills of the Villa de Potosí; Sebastián Sánchez de Merlo was the faithful executor and Juan de Urquizu the attorney general.

Other positions, called council offices, depended on the council. Thus, on January 7, 1586, Francisco Pendones de Montenegro was elected as steward of the hospital and Juan de Castillo as steward of the hospital.

The mayor at that time was Luis de Isunza, but his position did not depend on the council nor was it elective, since he was appointed by the Royal Court, which was based in La Plata.

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