Inside the mine, a tour through the bowels of Cerro Rico | Interior de la mina, un tour por las entrañas del Cerro Rico

Rocio Lloret, Opinion:

Visitors who enter the hill, located at an altitude of 4,800 meters, can get to know the mineral exploitation process up close. 

Vista panorámica del Cerro Rico, en Potosí./ DOLY LEYTÓN/ TRIPADVISOR/ VIATGELOVERS
Panoramic view of Cerro Rico, in Potosí./ DOLY LEYTÓN/ TRIPADVISOR/ VIATGELOVERS

At 4,200 meters above sea level it is hard to breathe. A slight pain in the temples hits the head. The nostrils suffer. Going up is a challenge. A constant gasp. A challenge to the heart, the lungs, the blood. At 4,200 meters above sea level, the body takes time to adapt.

Potosí is one of the three highest cities in the world. Wenquan, China, is at 5,000 masl, and Cerro de Pasco, Peru, at 4,338 masl.

In colonial times, this city had more than 160,000 inhabitants. People from all over the world, especially Spaniards, who came attracted by the silver from Cerro Rico.

More than 500 years later, wealth continues to emanate from that 4,800-meter-high giant pierced like a honeycomb. And today it is possible to make tourist circuits, to know it from the inside.

A NEVERENDING STORY

Historians and chroniclers of the time say that the Spaniards who arrived subdued the natives with the cross and the sword. It is estimated that eight million died in the mines, in 300 years. Many had their lungs burst. Others died entombed. There were also those who stood still, paralyzed by the toxic gases.

At some point, when ambition knew no bounds, they brought slaves from Africa. In the Casa de la Moneda you can see a recreation of how much those black men suffered, who belonged to wealthy families. “They suffered not only from the altitude, but from the intense cold,” says a tour guide.

And just as horses and donkeys were replaced, which died due to climatic and atmospheric conditions, it was done with these people. Tons of metals came out of the mine entrances every day, to enrich a few.

With the arrival of the Republic, the employment situation did not change much. Life expectancy did not exceed 45 years. The miners entered very young and left years later with incurable diseases.

In the golden age of trade unionism in Bolivia, when strikes paralyzed the country, they achieved social demands. Massacres like the one in San Juan, in Catavi and Siglo XX (1967), decimated the number, but not the yearning for better days.

But December 1985 marked a new era. The promulgation of Decree 21060 caused them to lose many social rights for which their parents shed blood. A hyperinflation shook Bolivia. Víctor Paz Estenssoro assumed power and halted the loss of the Bolivian peso. One of his measures, the relocation of miners, which was nothing more than the dismissal of some 20,000 of them, the closure of some mines and the privatization of others.

Ingreso al interior de la mina./ DOLY LEYTÓN/ TRIPADVISOR/ VIATGELOVERS
Entrance to the interior of the mine./ DOLY LEYTÓN/ TRIPADVISOR/ VIATGELOVERS

A TOUR THROUGH THE INTERIOR

Kori Mayu, which means river of stones, is precisely one of the oldest cooperatives, as well as one of the mines that has been exploited for more than 500 years, according to certified guide Pastor Alcoba, from the Cerro de Plata agency.

Now you can go through it, without disturbing the miners, who are working inside.

The journey itself begins in a square, where there are shops selling coke, alcohol, little-known brand sodas, and other products.

From Monday to Friday, the mine men stock up on the necessary elements there before starting their shifts or tip points, which last eight hours. On Friday at noon, everyone comes out to celebrate. They are paid every 15 days, with which, on the payment date – explains Alcoba – they go to his house and, if they earn Bs 5,000, they leave Bs 1,000. The rest is for celebration.

FROM THE CENTER

With suitable suits, industrial rubber boots, helmet or eye guard and a lamp, the walk in the mine entrance begins with a ritual. The Tío from the mine sits and waits for permission to enter.

Pastor says that the image is the result of syncretism between the Catholic representation of evil, imposed by the Spanish to intimidate the locals, and Supay, an Andean deity.

Imposing, the man in red with bulging eyes is seated with his penis erect. Around him, coca leaves scattered everywhere; colored streamers on the horns; a cigarette in his half-open mouth.

The workers ask him for concentration, strength in their arms, firmness when walking and to allow them to find ore. At the end, they drink a sip of alcohol, after sharing a little with the Pachamama.

Once the ceremony is over, you begin to walk inside. The humidity of the earth emanates a halo of cold. In some sectors there is mud, water with copajira, a mineral acid that corrodes clothes, shoes and is breathed at every moment.

Every so often, there are holes that barely fit a body, there where less experienced miners are sent to look for product, for a wage of 80 bolivianos per day.

Upon entering one, which is at the top of a staircase, a stifling heat envelops you. As if it had entered an oven at once. If it recedes, again cold, humidity, hardness. Almost halfway, always following instructions, there is a rest point. The miners also come here to recover their energy after two hours of intense work. It is a cavern, with small seats, under a crucified Christ. Just as “permission” was requested to enter, now homage is paid to the God of good.

On normal days, the workers drink soft drinks, maybe a little alcohol or another similar drink. They chew coca leaves and then go back to work. At no time during their shift do they eat, because the gases emanating from the earth mixed with mineral do them harm. Only once they leave and go home, they eat and usually rest.

MINE LIFE

The Mining Law establishes that to work you must be at least 21 years old. But here another rule applies, the usual one, the one inherited from our ancestors. This, says Pastor, is a trade that is inherited. Minero was the grandfather, miner is the father, miner will be the son.

At 13 or 14 years of age, or even less, adolescents come to ask for a job, especially on summer or winter vacations. Getting a salary every 15 days is worth it even when putting your life at risk.

“The university students come, because they say: I want to get married and I want to conquer my girl with money,” says the guide.

So they hire them for difficult jobs, like laborers or chaskiris. They go to the deepest places, to scratch the earth. If they stay and gain experience, they will become scavengers or those who push the carts along the rails. There they will be paid up to 140 bolivianos per day. If they specialize in drilling, their life will have changed: 200 bolivianos for 45 minutes in command of a machine.

And, of course, at first there are forces. Emotion to receive money. Sometimes they even double the working hours. At 16 or 17, many start families. They have children, which they flaunt as trophies, symbols of their virility. Years go by and the mine takes its toll. About 35 or 40 years the first symptoms appear. Mine disease, a kind of tuberculosis, which completely destroys the lungs.

Until a few years ago, women could not enter these sites. In the Andean belief, the ‘Tío” fertilizes the Pachamama, and as a result of that union, a vein of mineral arises. If a female entered, the earth goddess would become jealous and hide everything.

Perhaps for this reason, since time immemorial, they were destined to rescue -outside- what their companions dropped. They are called palliris and their quality of life is no better than that of men.

They work with combos, from the age of eight or nine. They beat, they extract, they collect, they sell. In their case, says Pastor, they get sick with diseases of the female organs due to the overexertion they make. “Of a hundred pregnant women, 95 have a caesarean section. Of five babies, three die and two live. If Potosí were a cemetery…”, he sighs.

THE LIGHT AT THE END OF THE TUNNEL

After two and a half or three hours, depending on the pace, you have to return. Stepping on the water with acid, keep breathing that acid air, which hits the eyes and nose. Thinking about what it will be like to spend here all day, all week, all life.

The passageways are narrow. It doesn’t matter if you are small, you have to walk hunched over and even then, you hit your helmet. It is cold at times, intense, at others you feel a heat stroke on your face. If you turn off the lamps for a moment, you can’t see anything at all. And you have to master the road. That is why the guide must be certified. Because once upon a time, someone was told that some foreigners had left an offering in dollars for Tío and he ran inside to see if he would get the bills. never heard from him again.

All thoughts crowd. The history, the hardships. How the Indians were forced to open these mines. Suddenly the light A highland sky of intense sun, which shines. The eyes suffer, but there is relief. It is Sunday and today there are no miners here, because they are resting. Tomorrow at 8:00 they will enter like every Monday. As it was more than 500 years ago.

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