By Francesco Zaratti:

La Paz, August 24, 2026 – Amid the country’s persistent diesel supply crisis, there are two structural causes that must be kept in mind in order to understand the magnitude of the problem:

1. The consumption matrix: Diesel consumption in Bolivia is distributed mainly among three sectors: transportation (more than 80%), agribusiness (~15%), and mining (~5%). This clearly shows that passenger and freight transportation is by far the dominant source of demand.

2. The absence of domestic diesel production: Bolivia has traditionally been a natural gas-producing country rather than an oil-producing one, and Law 3058 has strongly discouraged the exploration and production of liquid hydrocarbons through the application of excessive, fixed, and indiscriminate taxes (IDH).

As a result, despite being a historic gas exporter, Bolivia is forced to import nearly 95% of the diesel needed to supply its domestic market. In principle, this is not a tragedy in the global economy: many countries import fuels they do not produce, including Chile and Uruguay in the region, as well as nearly all European nations.

However, this situation becomes highly burdensome and painful for a country’s economy when it lacks sufficient foreign currency reserves to guarantee a continuous supply and, to make matters worse, artificially keeps consumer prices low.

This is precisely what is happening in Bolivia today: the State does not have enough foreign currency—it spends more importing fuels than it earns from gas exports to Brazil—and maintains a diesel subsidy that acts as a perverse incentive for fuel smuggling to neighboring countries, where prices can be twice as high. If we add the sustained increase in international oil prices driven by conflicts in the Middle East, we find ourselves facing the ideal conditions for a perfect storm.

In light of this diagnosis, it is evident that Supreme Decree 5676—which establishes (thanks to a “clarification” by the relevant ministry) two differentiated diesel markets, one for “large consumers” and another for transportation in general—does nothing to prevent that storm. On the one hand, it does not stop the hemorrhage of foreign currency because it maintains the subsidy for the bulk of consumers (the transportation sector). On the other hand, it continues to encourage fuel leakage through smuggling. In fact, the protests by sectors affected by DS 5676 stem less from the price increase itself than from the discrimination they feel the decree imposes upon them.

Given this situation, there are only two paths forward:

  • The road to collapse: Continue applying transfusions to a patient suffering constant hemorrhaging, increasing public debt day after day.
  • The road to the operating room: Fully align fuel prices with reality once and for all, while mitigating social impacts through smart, targeted subsidies.

Looking ahead, it is imperative to address the root causes of this crisis by encouraging new investment in exploration and production, liberalizing the commercialization of imported fuels, and reducing dependence on diesel wherever it is technically and economically feasible. Mining provides a clear example: it could replace the diesel it consumes with electricity by expanding transmission lines to processing plants and remote mining centers.

Regards and good health,

Francesco

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