Foreign Policy Guidelines: An Incomplete Strategy | Lineamientos de política exterior: una estrategia incompleta

By Windsor Hernani, Vision 360:

The current economic difficulties should not eclipse other national interests that are equally important. Foreign policy cannot be defined solely by economic urgencies.

In international relations theory, foreign policy is the set of principles, objectives, strategies, and actions through which a state conducts its relations with other states, international organizations, and other actors in the international system. Its purpose is to defend and promote national interests.

Against this conceptual framework, let us examine the “Foreign Policy Guidelines” recently presented by the Foreign Ministry.

We begin with the four principles identified in the document: sovereignty, pragmatism, predictability, and national interest. The key question is whether these principles genuinely provide strategic guidance.

Sovereignty and national interest, as they are formulated, amount to little more than tautologies. Not because they are misguided concepts, but because they describe characteristics inherent to any rational foreign policy, and their inclusion adds little substantive value.

Sovereignty is a foundational principle of international law and a constitutional pillar of every state. It is therefore difficult to imagine any government presenting a foreign policy based on surrendering sovereignty or permanently subordinating itself to another country. No nation would openly advocate a foreign policy of submission.

In foreign policy design, the real issue is not proclaiming sovereignty but explaining how it will be exercised amid the geopolitical, financial, commercial, and technological pressures that define today’s international system. That aspect remains undeveloped.

A similar observation applies to the concept of national interest. No state designs its foreign policy to serve personal, partisan, or sectoral interests. All governments claim to act in the name of the national interest. What would have been useful, therefore, is a clear definition of Bolivia’s short- and long-term national interests, as well as its permanent ones—such as the maritime claim, which, notably, has been omitted despite its constitutional status. The document offers few answers on this point as well.

Pragmatism warrants a different assessment. Foreign policy must produce results; few would dispute that. Yet pragmatism cannot become an absolute principle. Every foreign policy action is constrained by the Constitution, international law, and treaties validly entered into by the state. For that reason, it would be preferable to emphasize a principled pragmatism—flexible in its methods but firm in its principles, with those limits clearly defined.

Predictability is an essential attribute that every state should project in order to build trust in its international relationships. No country would establish lasting ties with a state that fails to honor its commitments, making the inclusion of this principle appropriate.

However, there is a challenge that extends beyond good intentions. The Foreign Ministry can and should project predictability, but it cannot easily create it. International confidence stems from domestic factors such as political stability, legal certainty, policy consistency, and institutional strength. In their absence, diplomacy risks projecting a hollow narrative disconnected from reality and difficult to believe. To project predictability, a country must first possess it—and that remains an unfinished task for the government.

The second area that deserves analysis is the document’s objectives. In foreign policy theory, objectives are the essence of any strategy and its organizing principle. They guide actions and determine priorities.

The Foreign Ministry has clearly prioritized the economic dimension. Attracting investment, expanding market access, securing financing, promoting technology transfer, and strengthening regional integration emerge as the principal goals of international engagement.

This emphasis is understandable. Bolivia is experiencing a period of stagflation, characterized by low or stagnant economic growth combined with inflation. To argue that foreign policy should remain detached from this reality would be irresponsible. Economic diplomacy deserves a prominent place on the international agenda, and in that sense the approach is coherent.

Nevertheless, it is not enough to declare that investment will be attracted, markets opened, or technology transfers pursued. It is essential to specify where those efforts will be concentrated. No foreign service has unlimited resources with which to roam the world in search of investors, buyers, or development partners.

Geographic and sectoral priorities must be established. Policymakers should identify which countries represent strategic markets, which are likely sources of investment, and with which partners scientific and technological cooperation should be pursued. Such prioritization is absent and should form part of the foreign policy guidelines, since the effectiveness of the Foreign Ministry’s economic diplomacy depends on it.

Beyond that, the current economic crisis should not displace other national interests that are equally significant. Foreign policy cannot be defined exclusively by economic concerns. Issues such as security and defense, cooperation against transnational organized crime, border policy, the management of shared water resources, the maritime claim, transboundary environmental protection, migration policy, and the strengthening of multilateralism are not secondary matters. Unfortunately, they have been largely minimized.

The Foreign Ministry’s Foreign Policy Guidelines represent an effort to bring conceptual order to the state’s international engagement. They constitute a first step. However, the document still contains contradictions, conceptual gaps, and unresolved definitions, leading to the conclusion that substantial work remains before Bolivia can claim to have a fully developed set of foreign policy guidelines—even if these are intended to reflect the foreign policy of a particular government rather than that of the Bolivian state as a whole.

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