Inflation Storm Ahead | Tormenta Inflacionaria en Marcha

By El Diario:

Rising Dollar, Climate Risks and Legal Uncertainty Expected to Fuel Inflation

  • Faced with the impacts of El Niño, experts have outlined a range of measures for La Paz. At the national level, however, many of the same policy prescriptions continue to apply.

Modest increases in Bolivia’s official exchange rate, the arrival of the El Niño weather phenomenon, and ongoing legal uncertainty are expected to push inflation higher. The extent of the increase will depend largely on government policies, with vulnerable households likely to bear the greatest burden. According to the World Bank, Bolivia has never moved beyond lower-middle-income status.

Economist Gonzalo Chávez has warned that inflation will be one of the government’s main challenges, and that its trajectory will depend on the measures adopted to contain rising prices, which disproportionately affect low-income families.

Before taking office, Economy and Public Finance Minister Gabriel Espinoza argued that one of the most effective ways to combat inflation and speculation is to increase production, thereby expanding the supply of goods available in the domestic market.

Government officials have stated that, alongside economic recovery measures, they plan to introduce social protection programs for vulnerable families similar to the PEPE program implemented after fuel price adjustments.

Exchange Rate

Bolivia’s new flexible exchange-rate regime, introduced on June 29, opened at 9.73 bolivianos per U.S. dollar. By Friday, the rate had reached 10.85 bolivianos per dollar and will remain at that level until trading resumes on Monday.

With the exchange rate approaching 11 bolivianos per dollar, the government maintains that market forces of supply and demand will eventually stabilize the currency. In the meantime, consumers are increasingly concerned about the declining purchasing power of the boliviano.

Consumer Prices

For now, most staple goods remain relatively affordable. Chicken prices, which surged above 100 bolivianos per bird during recent road blockades, have eased significantly.

Vegetable prices have also stabilized. Tomatoes, for example, have fallen to around 2.5 bolivianos per pound, down from 10–12 bolivianos during the height of the disruptions.

However, this temporary relief may be short-lived. Agricultural production was disrupted by the blockades, and producers warn that Bolivia could soon face food-supply shortages.

The Santa Cruz Poultry Producers Association (ADA) recently warned that diesel shortages and rising input costs are placing severe pressure on the poultry industry, potentially leading to higher chicken prices in the near future.

“The biggest problem is that the cost of our main production inputs remains extremely high,” ADA President Enzo Landívar said. “Sorghum prices have not fallen as they normally would have in previous years.”

According to reports, small and medium-sized producers are facing increasing difficulties covering operating costs, forcing some to scale back production or exit the market altogether.

Irregular diesel supplies continue to hamper food transportation and distribution, while farmers have also reported fuel shortages despite a recent agreement with the government aimed at ensuring diesel availability for planting and harvesting activities.

Inflation Trends

Bolivia recorded inflation of 1.31% in January, followed by deflation of 0.62% in February and 0.34% in March. Inflation returned in April at 0.14%, accelerated to 2.13% in May, and reached 2.15% in June. Cumulative inflation for the first half of the year stands at 4.85%.

Current estimates place annual inflation at around 15% for 2026, a figure broadly in line with international forecasts. However, recent economic measures, including the adoption of a flexible exchange rate, could alter that outlook.

Last year, Bolivia’s Consumer Price Index (CPI) rose by 20.1%, its highest level in years, driven by fuel shortages, limited access to U.S. dollars, and legal uncertainty that constrained production and exports.

Climate Risks

The El Niño weather pattern is expected to affect food production across Bolivia. The National Meteorology and Hydrology Service (Senamhi) forecasts drought conditions in some regions and excessive rainfall in others.

Meanwhile, World Bank economists John Baffes, Dawit Mekonnen, and Kaltrina Temaj recently published an analysis titled “Compounding Risks: Threats to Global Food Markets in 2026.”

They warn that El Niño conditions, rising energy and fertilizer costs, growing demand for biofuels, and potential trade restrictions could push food prices significantly higher than current projections.

Global agricultural commodity markets entered 2026 on relatively stable footing thanks to abundant supplies of grains and edible oils. However, escalating conflict in the Middle East has introduced new volatility into food and agricultural input markets.

The World Bank’s April 2026 Commodity Markets Outlook projects a 2.5% increase in global food commodity prices this year, though risks remain tilted to the upside.

According to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), El Niño conditions have already emerged and are expected to strengthen through the Northern Hemisphere autumn. Forecasters estimate a nearly two-thirds probability that El Niño will reach a very strong intensity between November and December.

Historically, strong El Niño events have triggered prolonged droughts in Southeast Asia and drier conditions in parts of Australia, northern Brazil, southern Africa, and South Asia—regions critical to global production of grains, sugar, and oilseeds.

The World Bank authors caution that if El Niño intensifies while agricultural markets are already under pressure from geopolitical conflicts, food prices could rise far beyond current forecasts.

Rising Input Costs

The closure of the Strait of Hormuz has disrupted global energy supplies, including fertilizer markets—particularly urea and phosphate—as well as liquefied natural gas (LNG), pushing prices to their highest levels since 2022.

Bolivia, meanwhile, has frozen domestic fuel prices until January 2027, helping to contain some inflationary pressures linked to gasoline and diesel.

The World Bank economists note that governments often respond to food-price spikes by restricting exports to protect domestic consumers.

While such measures may provide short-term relief domestically, they can reduce global supplies, increase market volatility, and drive international prices even higher. Similar export restrictions during the food crises of 2008 and 2022 amplified global price surges and worsened food insecurity in import-dependent economies.

Despite these risks, baseline projections still suggest only moderate food-price increases in 2026. Nevertheless, a prolonged conflict in the Middle East, stronger demand for biofuels, a more severe El Niño event, or new export restrictions could individually—or collectively—push food prices well above current expectations.

Legal Uncertainty

Legal uncertainty is also viewed as a growing threat to food production.

In Santa Cruz, reports of land invasions on private property have raised concerns about agricultural investment and future planting activity. Critics argue that authorities have failed to adequately protect property rights.

Meanwhile, in the Chapare region of Cochabamba, leaders aligned with former President Evo Morales reportedly threatened residents who did not support the road blockades held in May and June. According to social media reports and critics, residents were told to sell their land or face expulsion.

Proposed Measures for La Paz

Lucio Tito, a researcher and professor at the Higher University of San Andrés (UMSA), has outlined a series of measures that La Paz could adopt to confront climate and market challenges.

His recommendations include:

  • Expanding water harvesting systems through large reservoirs and community micro-dams.
  • Accelerating the transition from traditional irrigation to drip and sprinkler systems.
  • Restoring degraded soils through crop rotation, agricultural terraces, and organic fertilizers.
  • Building storage facilities, silos, and refrigerated warehouses to reduce post-harvest losses.
  • Expanding agricultural insurance programs to protect small farmers from weather-related losses.
  • Maintaining transport corridors during the rainy season to prevent shortages and price speculation.
  • Establishing native seed banks to preserve resilient local crop varieties.
  • Promoting camelid livestock production and freshwater aquaculture as affordable protein sources.
  • Strengthening strategic food reserves to cushion the impact of political crises, blockades, and natural disasters.
  • Requiring school meal programs to purchase ingredients from local producers.
  • Expanding nutrition education and encouraging consumption of traditional foods such as tarwi, cañahua, and Amazonian fruits instead of imported ultra-processed products.

According to Tito, these measures would improve food security, strengthen local production, and increase resilience against future economic and climate-related shocks.

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