Those Who Didn’t Sign the Act | Las que no firmaron el acta

By Evelyn Callapino, Vision 360:

“Those Who Didn’t Sign the Act: Women of Potosí in the Independence of Bolivia”

Recovering from the archives the women of Potosí who did not sign the act is not an exercise in nostalgia, but an act of historical reparation. To look at those silences is also to look at the present.

Two weeks ago we presented, at the Modesto Omiste Theater in Potosí, the stage play with which we seek to challenge our certainties about Bolivian Independence. Under the title “Those Who Didn’t Sign the Act: Women of Potosí in the Independence of Bolivia,” this work aims to show the other side of the emancipatory process. In times when ceremonies, tributes, and speeches proliferate, once again placing the caudillos of yesterday and today at center stage, it seems urgent to me to look at what those rituals silence: historical complexity and, above all, the lives that were left out of the founding act.

Classical historiography exalted the enlightened feat of 1809 and the actions of elite Creoles and university figures. That official narrative relegated to the background the great Indigenous uprisings of the eighteenth century, as well as the many women who sustained, nourished, and articulated those resistances. No Indigenous name, and even less any woman’s, appeared in the 1825 document. The republic was symbolically born without women and without Indigenous peoples.

In the archives of Sucre (the National Archive and Library of Bolivia) and Potosí (the Historical Archive of the Casa Nacional de Moneda), in judicial files, inventories of property, and criminal cases for “insults,” fragments of a broader truth emerge. Women who denounced abuses to protect their inheritance; another who demanded food for her children while her partner served in the royalist army; and many who do not appear with their own names, reduced to “the wife of…”. Silence on paper did not imply absence from history: they cared for, fed, hid insurgents, wove networks, and sustained life amid the turmoil.

Among the few who did leave a trace is Andrea Arias y Cuiza, a woman from Potosí imprisoned and sentenced for her participation in revolutionary activities, as well as her sister Juliana. Their stories show that independence was not an epic tale, but a web of violence, ambivalent loyalties, and silent resistances.

What is unsettling is that, two hundred years later, we continue to reproduce that logic of exclusion. The aesthetics of power remain centered on heroic figures such as Bolívar or Sucre, or on other soldiers, political leaders, and contemporary caudillos. Meanwhile, the everyday gestures that sustain communal life—like those of the nameless women of the Colony and the early Republic—continue to be pushed to the margins.

Together with Mujer de Plata we presented this play for the first time at the Casa Nacional de Moneda. It was selected in the third call of the Cultural Fund of the Central Bank of Bolivia, a work with which I seek to approach Independence through research and art. In it I pose an uncomfortable question: what has happened to a homeland founded without its essential protagonists? Official history, usually written from above, has refused to look at the colonial foundations that survived 1825: structural racism, gender inequality, extractivism, and a political apparatus that renews itself without transforming.

Recovering from the archives the women of Potosí who did not sign the act is not an exercise in nostalgia, but an act of historical reparation. To look at those silences is also to look at the present. If Independence is to have meaning today, it must do so from critical memory and from the question of those lives that sustained societies without receiving any recognition. Recognizing this is an urgent political necessity. If we want to think of an Independence that does not repeat colonial hierarchies, we must begin by listening to those absent voices, reviewing the silences, and asking who is left out of official narratives. My research seeks precisely to open that space: to remember that a nation is not built only with solemn acts, but with the will to look straight at what was meant to be hidden.

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